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BIOL 411 - Medical Embryology > Exam #2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam #2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Varicocele

A

Enlargement of veins in scrotum can affect sperm production

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2
Q

Cervical mucous

A

if too thick can prevent sperm from traveling

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3
Q

Ingression

A

migration of cells from surface to interior

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4
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Incubation within female reproductive tract (5-6 hrs primates) (1 hr mouse)

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5
Q

Acrosome Reaction

A

Allows sperm to dissolve through Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida (involves hyaluronidase and acrosin enzymes)

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6
Q

TCTE - 1 Receptor

A

species specific biding of sperm and egg

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7
Q

Second messenger systems:

A
  • Protein Kinase C
  • Inositol Tri Phosphate
  • Both secondary messengers cause Ca^2+ to release from E.R. and an increase in protein synthesis
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8
Q

Microlecithal

A
  • small amount of yolk
  • amphioxus and mammals
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9
Q

Mesolecithal

A
  • moderate amount of yolk
  • amphibians and cyclostomes (lamprey), lung fish
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10
Q

Macrolecithal

A
  • Large amount of yolk
  • most fish, reptiles, aves, and monotremes
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11
Q

Oligolecithal (isolecithal)

A

even yolk distribution
- most microlecithal eggs

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12
Q

Telolecithal

A

uneven yolk distribution
- most mesolecithal and macrolecithal eggs

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13
Q

Centrolecithal

A

Central yolk distribution
- insects and arthropods

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14
Q

White Yolk:

A

High protein
Low fat
- deposited during night
- Latebra = Center
- Nucleus of Pander = Flare @ blastoderm
- Outermost layer of yolk always white

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15
Q

Yellow YolK:

A

High fat
- deposited during day

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16
Q

Oviparity

A

animals that lay or spawn their eggs
ex. fish, amphibians, birds, monotremes, reptiles

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17
Q

Viviparity

A

animals that retain fertilized eggs in the mother’s body and living young are hatched or delivered (live birth)
ex. in all groups except turtles, aves, crocodiles, cyclostomes

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18
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

Mother’s body for protection, nutrients are stored in the egg which develops and hatches in mothers body
ex. sharks and snakes

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19
Q

Euviviparity

A

Embryo cannot survive without nourishment supplied by mother’s body
ex. placental and marsupial mammals

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20
Q

Anamniotes

A

animals that do not have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. cyclostomes, fish, amphibians

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21
Q

Amniotes

A

animals that have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. reptiles, birds, mammals

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22
Q

Holoblast (cleavage pattern)

A

having cleavage planes that divide the egg into separate blastomeres

23
Q

Meroblastic (discoidal) (cleavage pattern)

A

incomplete cleavage as a result of having a mass of yolk material present

24
Q

Meridinal

A

cleavage direction
pole to pole axis

25
Q

Equatorial

A

cleavage direction
along equator

26
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells that are able to give rise to all embryonic and extraembryonic structures
ex. zygotes

27
Q

Cleavage

A

Subsequent mitotic division of zygote restores nuclear to volume ratio

28
Q

In Morula

A

result of cleavage
Mass of cells, usually 32 - 64 cell stage

29
Q

In Blastula

A

result of cleavage
Mass of cells with hollow center, 128 cell stage

30
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process that establishes the three primary germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)

31
Q

Deuterostome

A

Blastopore becomes anus (chordates)

32
Q

Protostome

A

Blastopore becomes mouth (many invertebrates)

33
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of a neural tube and associated nervous structures

34
Q

Animal Pole

A

ectoderm, cranial

35
Q

Vegetal Pole

A

endoderm, caudial

36
Q

Gray Crescent

A

Migration of dark animal pole cytoplasm toward point of sperm entry determines mid-dorsal axis of embryo

37
Q

Blastocyst = Blastula

A

inner cell mass forms the body of embryo, has epiblast and hypoblast portion, like avians

38
Q

Trophoblast

A

forms fetal portion of placenta

39
Q

Determinant:

A

Instruction built in, what happens is largely independent of environment (worms)

40
Q

Regulative

A

Instructions come from outside, what happens is highly dependent on environment (vertebrates)

41
Q

Invagination

A

depression of large area of embryo

42
Q

Epiboly

A

Surface sheet of cells spread migrate into grove (blastopore) on grey crescent

43
Q

Pregastrulation

A

Blastoderm delaminates into two parts
- epiblast: embryo body
- Hypoblast: Extraembryonic endoderm + germ cells

44
Q

A. Epiblast

A

-portion forms Amnionic Ectoderm (Amnion)
-portion forms Primitive Streak which establishes 3 primary germ layers
+Bottle Cells: migrating cells that produce hyaluronic acid, this binds water, prevents cell aggregations

45
Q

B. Hypoblast

A

-Extraembryonic endoderm
-Derives yolk sac

46
Q

Synctiotrophoblast

A

-Chemically digests endometrium to implant
-Multinucleated mass of cells
-Does not exhibit HLA antigens
-Prevents immune rejection

47
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A
  • Forms the chorion
48
Q

General Epithelium Derivatives:

A

-Epidermis of Skin, Glands, Tooth Enamel

49
Q

Stomodeum/ Rathke’s Pouch/ Proctodeum

A

-Mouth, Ant. Pituitary, Anus

50
Q

Neural Tube Derivatives

A

-Brain, Spinal Cord, Retina, Posterior Pituitary

51
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives

A

-Spinal Nerve Ganglia
-Visceral Skeleton
-Branchiometric Muscles, Cornea, Adrenal Medulla, Pigment Cells

52
Q

Somatic Mesoderm:

A

-Appendicular skeleton,
-Dermis of Skin
-Blood Vessels

53
Q

Splanchnic Mesoderm:

A

-Heart
-Blood
-Lymphatic Cells
-Adrenal Cortex
-Smooth Muscle
-Hematopoetic Liver and Spleen

BIOL 411 - Medical Embryology (5 decks)

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