Exam #2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Varicocele
Enlargement of veins in scrotum can affect sperm production
Cervical mucous
if too thick can prevent sperm from traveling
Ingression
migration of cells from surface to interior
Sperm capacitation
Incubation within female reproductive tract (5-6 hrs primates) (1 hr mouse)
Acrosome Reaction
Allows sperm to dissolve through Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida (involves hyaluronidase and acrosin enzymes)
TCTE - 1 Receptor
species specific biding of sperm and egg
Second messenger systems:
- Protein Kinase C
- Inositol Tri Phosphate
- Both secondary messengers cause Ca^2+ to release from E.R. and an increase in protein synthesis
Microlecithal
- small amount of yolk
- amphioxus and mammals
Mesolecithal
- moderate amount of yolk
- amphibians and cyclostomes (lamprey), lung fish
Macrolecithal
- Large amount of yolk
- most fish, reptiles, aves, and monotremes
Oligolecithal (isolecithal)
even yolk distribution
- most microlecithal eggs
Telolecithal
uneven yolk distribution
- most mesolecithal and macrolecithal eggs
Centrolecithal
Central yolk distribution
- insects and arthropods
White Yolk:
High protein
Low fat
- deposited during night
- Latebra = Center
- Nucleus of Pander = Flare @ blastoderm
- Outermost layer of yolk always white
Yellow YolK:
High fat
- deposited during day
Oviparity
animals that lay or spawn their eggs
ex. fish, amphibians, birds, monotremes, reptiles
Viviparity
animals that retain fertilized eggs in the mother’s body and living young are hatched or delivered (live birth)
ex. in all groups except turtles, aves, crocodiles, cyclostomes
Ovoviviparity
Mother’s body for protection, nutrients are stored in the egg which develops and hatches in mothers body
ex. sharks and snakes
Euviviparity
Embryo cannot survive without nourishment supplied by mother’s body
ex. placental and marsupial mammals
Anamniotes
animals that do not have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. cyclostomes, fish, amphibians
Amniotes
animals that have extraembryonic membranes during their development
ex. reptiles, birds, mammals
Holoblast (cleavage pattern)
having cleavage planes that divide the egg into separate blastomeres
Meroblastic (discoidal) (cleavage pattern)
incomplete cleavage as a result of having a mass of yolk material present
Meridinal
cleavage direction
pole to pole axis
Equatorial
cleavage direction
along equator
Totipotent
Cells that are able to give rise to all embryonic and extraembryonic structures
ex. zygotes
Cleavage
Subsequent mitotic division of zygote restores nuclear to volume ratio
In Morula
result of cleavage
Mass of cells, usually 32 - 64 cell stage
In Blastula
result of cleavage
Mass of cells with hollow center, 128 cell stage
Gastrulation
Process that establishes the three primary germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)
Deuterostome
Blastopore becomes anus (chordates)
Protostome
Blastopore becomes mouth (many invertebrates)
Neurulation
Formation of a neural tube and associated nervous structures
Animal Pole
ectoderm, cranial
Vegetal Pole
endoderm, caudial
Gray Crescent
Migration of dark animal pole cytoplasm toward point of sperm entry determines mid-dorsal axis of embryo
Blastocyst = Blastula
inner cell mass forms the body of embryo, has epiblast and hypoblast portion, like avians
Trophoblast
forms fetal portion of placenta
Determinant:
Instruction built in, what happens is largely independent of environment (worms)
Regulative
Instructions come from outside, what happens is highly dependent on environment (vertebrates)
Invagination
depression of large area of embryo
Epiboly
Surface sheet of cells spread migrate into grove (blastopore) on grey crescent
Pregastrulation
Blastoderm delaminates into two parts
- epiblast: embryo body
- Hypoblast: Extraembryonic endoderm + germ cells
A. Epiblast
-portion forms Amnionic Ectoderm (Amnion)
-portion forms Primitive Streak which establishes 3 primary germ layers
+Bottle Cells: migrating cells that produce hyaluronic acid, this binds water, prevents cell aggregations
B. Hypoblast
-Extraembryonic endoderm
-Derives yolk sac
Synctiotrophoblast
-Chemically digests endometrium to implant
-Multinucleated mass of cells
-Does not exhibit HLA antigens
-Prevents immune rejection
Cytotrophoblast
- Forms the chorion
General Epithelium Derivatives:
-Epidermis of Skin, Glands, Tooth Enamel
Stomodeum/ Rathke’s Pouch/ Proctodeum
-Mouth, Ant. Pituitary, Anus
Neural Tube Derivatives
-Brain, Spinal Cord, Retina, Posterior Pituitary
Neural Crest Derivatives
-Spinal Nerve Ganglia
-Visceral Skeleton
-Branchiometric Muscles, Cornea, Adrenal Medulla, Pigment Cells
Somatic Mesoderm:
-Appendicular skeleton,
-Dermis of Skin
-Blood Vessels
Splanchnic Mesoderm:
-Heart
-Blood
-Lymphatic Cells
-Adrenal Cortex
-Smooth Muscle
-Hematopoetic Liver and Spleen
