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BIOL 411 - Medical Embryology > Exam 1 - Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Corpus Cavernosum

A
  • upper paired
  • erectile tissue masses
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2
Q

Corpus Spongiosum:

A
  • lower erectile tissue mass
  • surround urethra
  • ends as glans penis
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3
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Sac skin, fascia, and smooth muscle divided into two pouches by septum
  • Cremasteric muscle - changes testis elevation
    -** Pampiniform plexus - blood vessel anastomosis
  • Temperature - regulation of testis
    • Sperm survival requires 3 degrees lower temp than core body temp.
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4
Q

Testis

A
  • paired oval glands - 2 in. x 1 in.
  • seminiferous tubules for sperm production
  • Rete testis
  • Epididymis: sperm maturation/ storage
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5
Q

Vas deferens

A
  • in testis
  • conducting tubule - duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra
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6
Q

Urethra

A

the duct which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen

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7
Q

Prostate Gland

A

40% of seminal fluid volume, acid phosphatase, zinc, citric acid, cholesteral

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8
Q

Acessory Sex glands

A
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
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9
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • For sperm production

Leydig Cells
Sertoli Cells

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10
Q

Overview of Spermatogenesis

A
  • Spermatogonium (2N, 4C)
  • primary spermatocyte (2N, 4C)
  • Secondary spermatocyte (1N, 2C)
  • Spermatids (1N, 1C)
  • Spermatozoa (1N, 1C)
  • Haploid (1N, 1C)
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11
Q

Spermatogonia

A

stem cells
- gives rise to 2 daughter cells by mitosis
- 46XY, 2N, 4C

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia
64 day cycle
generates mature sperm

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13
Q

What are the three types of Spermatogonia stem cells?

A

Dark A: noncycling reserve
Light A: mitotically active, derives Type Bs
Type B: derive primary spermatocytes

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14
Q

Primary Spermatocytes

A

(46XY) goes through meiosis I
DNA replication
2N, 4C
tetrad formation
crossing over

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15
Q

Hormonal Control

A

GnRH from hypothalamus - triggers - LH and FSH from Anterior Pituitary

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16
Q

LH triggers….

A

testosterone from Leydig cells

17
Q

FSH stimulates….

A

Sertoli cells

18
Q

Effects of Testosterone

A

skeletal and muscle growth
stim. erythropoiesis (prod. of red blood cells)
*stimulates metabolic rate
*stimulates sebaceous gland activity
*growth on distribution of body hair
*anabolic effect: nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium sparing
*enlargement of genitalia, accessory repro glands
*gametogenesis, development of sperm and ducts
*dominance and aggressive behavior

19
Q

Treatments for hair loss:

A

Minoxidol (Rogaine): increases vascular supply to hair follicle

20
Q

Treatments for hair loss:

A

Minoxidol (Rogaine): increases vascular supply to hair follicle

Propecia: blocks the enzyme 5 aloha reductase - prevents production of dihydro testosterone

Hair transplant surgery

21
Q

Andropause

A
  • gradual decline in hormonal function in men as they age
  • hormones known to decline: testosterone, DHEA, Growth Hormone
22
Q

Semen

A
  • Spermatozoa: 100-120 million/ml
  • 6-8 ml of ejaculate = 600-800 million
  • Functionally sterile w/ only 20% of this
  • Sperm live for 48 hours in female reproductive tract
  • Glycolytic pathway, require basic pH
  • The odds of the conception happening is like winning the lottery
23
Q

Erection

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Dilation of arteries, construction of venous outflow
  • Blood is trapped in corpus cavernosa and spongiosa
  • No bons involved
  • Dilation of arteries, causes by Nitric Oxide release
  • Triggers cGMP second messenger
  • Erectile Dysfunction drugs (Viagra, Levitra, Cialis) stimulate itric oxide release by preventing breakdown of cGMP – erections longer tan 4 hours seek medical help
  • Blue Haze
24
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • Spinal Mediated reflex
  • Contraction of bulbocavernosus muscle
  • Contraction of smooth muscle in vas deferens
25
Q

Cryptorchidism

A
  • Testes don’t descend into scrotum
  • 3% of full term and 30% of premature infants
  • Untreated bilateral cry. Results in sterility and a greater risk of testicular cancer
  • Descend spontaneously 80% of time during the first year of life
    o surgical treatment necessary before 18 months
26
Q

Testosterone production:

A
  • Principle circulation form – testosterone
  • Most potent activated form – dihydrotestosterone
    o Is weakly active
  • Androstenedione is weakly active
  • Estradiol
  • 80%
27
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia
  • 64-day cycle
  • generates mature sperm
  • Male = heterogametic sex (XY)
  • Female = homogametic sex (XX) (reverse in birds, reptiles) – faster sperm
  • Some lower vertebrates lack sex chromosomes (amphibians, reptiles, monotremes) egg incubation temp imp.
  • Bc human males have XY genotype, (females XX), the sperm determines the gender of the offspring

BIOL 411 - Medical Embryology (5 decks)

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