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Biopsychology > Exam 2-Vision > Flashcards

Exam 2-Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Rhodopsin

A
  • photopigment in rods
  • 2 parts=opsin (protein) and retinal (lipid)
  • breaks apart in light
  • when bound together rhodopsin is in 11-cis form (in darkness)
  • absorption of light changes retinal from 11-cis to all-trans form which causes rhodopsin to break apart
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2
Q

cGMP

A

opens Na channels when it binds

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3
Q

Receptive field of bipolar cell

A

sum of all photoreceptor inputs feeding into it

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4
Q

Transduction

A

transformation of sensory info into neural signals

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5
Q

Photon

A
  • particle of light
  • always travel at same speed BUT vary in amount of energy they possess which gives us waves with different wavelengths/amplitudes
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6
Q

Absorption

A

ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location

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7
Q

Reflection

A

bending back of light toward the source

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8
Q

Refraction

A

deflection, or changing or direction of light at a boundary (such as between air and water)

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9
Q

sclera

A

white outer covering of eye

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10
Q

cornea

A
  • transparent outer layer

- begins process of refracting light to form an image in back of eye

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11
Q

anterior chamber

A
  • area behind cornea

- contains aqueous humor

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12
Q

pupil

A

-opening in front of eye controlled by iris

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13
Q

iris

A
  • circular muscle that controls size of pupil

- color is controlled by melanin, blood supply and connective tissue

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14
Q

optic disk

A

gap in retina where optic nerve leaves eyeball

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15
Q

retina

A
  • visual image is focused on retina

- visual image is inverted (top to bottom) and reversed (left to right)

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16
Q

ganglion cells

A
  • retinal cell layer
  • axons leave eye as part of optic nerve
  • first place where there are APs (graded potentials are converted to APs)
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17
Q

bipolar cells

A
  • between ganglion cells and rods/cones (photoreceptors)
  • forms part of straight pathway between ganglion cells and photoreceptors
  • *-either hyperpolarize or depolarize depending on what kind of glutamate receptor they have
  • activated or inhibited by photoreceptors
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18
Q

photoreceptors

A
  • sensory cell in retina that responds to light
  • rods and cones
  • outer segments contain photopigments (chemicals that interact with light)
  • membrane potential is about -30mV in darkness
  • depolarized in dark, hyperpolarized in light
  • graded release of glutamate (more depolarization=more NT released)
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19
Q

horizontal cell

A
  • retinal interneuron
  • located in inner nuclear layer
  • integrates signal from across the surface of the retina
  • output from photoreceptors
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20
Q

scotopic vision

A

ability to perceive visual stimuli in near darkness due to activity of rods

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21
Q

photopic vision

A

ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to activity of cones (have 3 different photopigments)

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22
Q

on-center bipolar cell

A
  • turned on when light hits center
  • depolarized in light
  • inhibited by glutamate
  • mGluR receptor
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23
Q

off-center bipolar cell

A
  • turned off when light hits center
  • inhibited by light
  • depolarized in dark
  • excited by glutamate
  • kainate receptor
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24
Q

3 types of ganglion cells

A
  • parvocellular (P)
  • magnocellular (M)
  • koniocellular (K)
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25
Q

parvocellular (P) cells

A
  • small ganglion cell
  • respond to high contrast and color
  • near fovea
  • convey details
  • 70% of ganglion cells
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26
Q

magnocellular (M) cells

A

-large ganglion cell
-respond to all wavelengths
-large receptive field
(magno=large)

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27
Q

koniocellular (K) cells

A
  • ganglion cell

- responds to blue and yellow light

28
Q

optic chiasm

A

crossing of optic nerves

-after optic chiasm, they are referred to as optic tracts

29
Q

From the eyes, axons can go…

A

1) thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
2) hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
3) superior colliculus

30
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A
  • nucleus in the thalamus
  • layered structure, bent in middle
  • magnocellular and parvocellular layers
  • retinotopic map of contralateral visual hemifield
31
Q

Magnocellular layers of LGN

A

ventral layers that receive input from M cells in retina

32
Q

Parvocellular layers of LGN

A

dorsal layers receiving input from P cells in retina

33
Q

striate cortex

A

primary visual cortex

34
Q

simple cortical cells

A
  • respond to stimuli shaped like bars or edges that have particular slant/orientation on particular location of retina
  • probably helps perceive shapes
35
Q

Dorsal stream

A

“where”

-movement, location, grasping/reaching

36
Q

Ventral stream

A

“what”

-object recognition

37
Q

Fusiform face area

A
  • extrastriate area in temporal lobe that recognizes familiar faces
  • ventral stream
38
Q

Trichromatic theory

A
  • color vision is based on our possessing three different color photopigments
  • proposed three different color receptors in retina
  • does account for some components of color vision but not all (afterimage)
  • color encoded at photoreceptor level
  • long wave=red cones
  • medium wave=green cones
  • short wave=blue cones
39
Q

Opponent process theory

A

-color vision based on 3 antagonistic color channels:
red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
-color encoded at ganglion level

40
Q

Amblyopia

A
  • lazy eye
  • one eye can’t focus on objects
  • brain learns to ignore input from less functional eye
41
Q

Cataract

A

clouding of lens

42
Q

Myopia

A
  • nearsightedness (can see well close up but not far away)

- acuity problem resulting from elongated eyeball

43
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness (can see well far away but not close up)

- acuity problem resulting from short eyeball

44
Q

Astigmatism

A

distortion of vision caused by the shape of the cornea

45
Q

Visual agnosias

A

disorders in which a person can see a stimulus but doesn’t recognize what they are seeing

46
Q

Striated muscle

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle

47
Q

Muscle fibers

A

long, thin muscle cell

-each is encased in membrane with ACh receptors

48
Q

Myofibrils

A

long strands of protein inside muscle fiber

-responsible for producing fiber contractions

49
Q

Sarcomere

A

single segment of myofibril

50
Q

Myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

-make up myofibril

51
Q

Sliding filament model (muscle contraction)

A
  • AP triggers release of Ca
  • Ca binds troponin
  • Displaces tropomyosin
  • actin binds myosin
  • muscle contracts
52
Q

3 types of myosin filaments

A
  • type 1
  • type2a
  • type2b
53
Q

Type 1 fiber

A
  • slow twitch
  • aerobic metabolism
  • endurance
54
Q

Type 2a fiber

A
  • fast twitch
  • anaerobic metabolism
  • powerful movements
  • fatigue resistant
55
Q

Type 2b fiber

A
  • similar to 2a but quicker

- can get fatigued

56
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

spinal motor neuron

  • form connections with muscles at neuromuscular junction (ACh is NT)
  • directly responsible for contracting muscles
57
Q

Motor unit

A

alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

-includes either fast or slow twitch fibers but not a mixture of both

58
Q

Rate code

A

variations in firing rate of motor neurons to meet need for a certain amount of contraction

59
Q

Recruitment

A

process of gradually activating motor units as load on muscle increases
-slow twitch fibers recruited first

60
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers

A

outside spindle

-responsible for contracting muscle

61
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers

A

inside spindle

  • own set of motor neurons called gamma motor neurons
  • give info about muscle length/stretch
62
Q

3 types of muscular spindles

A
  • dynamic nuclear bag (info about speed and change in muscle length)
  • static nuclear bag (info about muscle length)
  • nuclear chain fiber (info about muscle length)
63
Q

1a sensory fibers

A

wrapped around middle of spindle fiber

-generate APs when muscle spindle stretches, gives info about length and velocity

64
Q

Group II sensory fibers

A

static nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers

-info about stretch

65
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A
  • connects primary motor cortex with cranial nerve nuclei

- manages movement of head/neck

66
Q

Lateral pathways

A
  • originate in cortex
  • synapse in red nucleus or alpha motor neurons
  • controls voluntary movements
67
Q

Ventromedial pathways

A
  • originates in brainstem

- subconscious movements of neck and torso

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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