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Biopsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT

A

an imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance x-rays
Can’t differentiate between living and dead brain (can’t look at brain activity)

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2
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

provides info regarding localization of brain activity

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3
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

provides high resolution structural images

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4
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

uses a series of MRI images taken a few seconds apart to assess activity in the brain

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5
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A
  • use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking the flow of water
  • Connectivity map
  • Can’t tell direction of information flow
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6
Q

Imaging methods vs Recording methods

A 
Imaging methods:
-CT
-PET
-MRI (fMRI)
-DTI
Recording methods:
-EEG 
-ERPs
-single cell recording
-microdialysis
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7
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

an alteration in the EEG recoding produced in response to the application of a stimulus

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8
Q

Single cell recording

A

the recording of the activity of single neurons through microelectrodes surgically implanted in the area of interest

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9
Q

Microdialysis

A

assesses the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain

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10
Q

Ablation

A

surgical removal of tissue

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11
Q

Optogenetics

A
  • genetic insertion of molecules into specific neurons that allows the activity of the neurons to be controlled by light
  • Allows researchers to turn on specific neurons
  • Much more precise than electrical stimulation
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12
Q

Knockout gene

A
  • gene used to replace a normal gene that does not produce the protein product of the normal gene
  • Can be genetically modified
  • Natural genetic mutations can have same effect
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13
Q

Microtome

A

a device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology

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14
Q

Golgi stain

A

labels single neurons

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15
Q

Nissl stain

A

labels population of cell bodies

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16
Q

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A

process where antibodies are used to detect proteins in cells within in a tissue section

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17
Q

Neuraxis

A

imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain (bends in people)

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18
Q

Sagittal section

A

parallel to midline

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19
Q

Coronal/frontal section

A

parallel to face, perpendicular to midline

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20
Q

Horizontal/transverse section

A

divides into top and bottom

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21
Q

Central canal

A

small midline channel in spinal cord that contains CSF

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22
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third and fourth ventricle

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23
Q

Flow of CSF

A 
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
cerebral canal
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24
Q

12 cranial nerves

A

“On occasion our trusty truck acts funny good vehicle anyhow”
“Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more”

1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Spinal Accessory
12) Hypoglossal

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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Hypothalamus is key brain structure regulating the ANS

* Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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26
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

•Fight or flight
•Mobilizes energy stores
•Originates from its own part of the spinal cord
-Norepinephrine
•Axons from neurons in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord (SC) communicate with the sympathetic chain (chain of cell bodies outside of the SC)
•Fibers from cells in sympathetic chain then communicate with target organs

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27
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

•Rest and digest
•Conserves and restores energy reserves
•Originates from its own part of the brain and spinal cord
-Acetylcholine
•Originates from the brain and sacral divisions of the SC
•Travel some distance to locations near their target organs, where parasympathetic ganglia are located
•Not coordinated like sympathetic system

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28
Q

Enteric NS

A
  • Division of ANS consisting of neurons embedded in the gastrointestinal system
  • Some functions contribute to conscious sensations-pain, hunger, and satiety, but most is below level of consciousness
  • Very complicated
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29
Q

Nuclei

A

collection of neurons within CNS

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30
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons within CNS

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31
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of neurons outside CNS

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32
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons outside CNS

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33
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • Runs from medulla to 1st lumbar vertebrae
  • Cervical nerves=8 (head, neck, arms)
  • Thoracic nerves=12 (most of torso)
  • Lumbar nerves=5 (lower back and lower neck)
  • Sacral nerves=5 (legs and genitals)
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34
Q

Hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon-brainstem

-includes myelencephalon (medulla) and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

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35
Q

Midbrain

A

mesencephalon-brainstem

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36
Q

Forebrain

A

prosencephalon

-includes diencephalon and telencephalon

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37
Q

Medulla

A
  • plays important role in consciousness, arousal, movement, pain
  • reticular formation: collection of brainstem nuclei important for arousal
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38
Q

Pons

A

“bridge”

  • connects medulla to higher brain structures
  • cochlear nucleus
  • vestibular nucleus=receives info about location and movement of head from inner ear
  • raphe nucleus
  • locus coeruleus
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39
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain”

coordinates voluntary movement, maintains muscle tone, regulates balance

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40
Q

Raphe nucleus

A

sleep, arousal, mood, appetite and aggression

synthesizes serotonin

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41
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

arousal, sleep, and mood

synthesizes norepinephrine

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42
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Tectum
  • Tegmentum
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  • Red nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Superior/inferior colliculi
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43
Q

Tectum

A
  • ceiling

- houses superior/inferior colliculi

44
Q

Tegmentum

A
  • covering

- houses midbrain structures excluding colliculi

45
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A
  • area around cerebral aqueduct

- sleep, complex movements, pain

46
Q

Red nucleus

A

communicates motor info between spinal cord and cerebellum

47
Q

Substantia nigra

A
  • movement
  • degenerates in Parkinson’s
  • reward seeking behavior
  • dopamine synthesis
48
Q

Superior colliculi

A
  • receives info from optic nerves leaving eye

- guided movements (turning eyes in direction of visual stimulus)

49
Q

Inferior colliculi

A
  • involved in hearing

- auditory reflexes (ex: turning head in direction of loud noise)

50
Q

Forebrain

A
  • diencephalon
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • cerebral cortex
51
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

  • gateway to cortex
  • receives sensory and regulatory info
  • relays sensory info to cortex

Hypothalamus

  • collection of nuclei
  • major regulatory nucleus
  • eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms, temperature control
52
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens
  • selecting and enabling the execution of motor programs stored by cortex
  • degenerates in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
53
Q

Striatum

A

nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and putamen

54
Q

Limbic system

A
  • learning, motivated behavior, emotion
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • fornix
  • mammillary bodies
  • amygdala
  • cingulate cortex
  • septal area
55
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory

56
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

fold of tissue near the hippocampus

57
Q

Fornix

A

fiber pathway connecting hippocampus with the mammillary bodies, processing and memory

58
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

processing and memory

59
Q

Amygdala

A

connects stimuli to emotional meanings

60
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

exerts cognitive influence over emotion

61
Q

Septal area

A

reward

lesions produce extreme rage

62
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
"bark", "outer shell"
6 layers of cortex
lots of fiber pathways (white matter)
sulci=valleys
gyri=hills
fissure=large sulcus
63
Q

Association cortex

A

area of cortex that serve as a bridge between areas that process sensory and motor info
association=connection

64
Q

Commissure

A

place where two things join

-Ex: anterior commissure, corpus collosum

65
Q

Connectome

A

neurons in specific brain areas participate in neural circuits

66
Q

Macroglia

A
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwann cells
67
Q

Astrocyte

A
  • responsible for structural support and control of extracellular chemical environment at synapse
  • form close connections with capillaries allowing them to transfer nutrients to neurons
68
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

- hair-like cilia to move CSF and monitor its quality

69
Q

Microglia

A

clean up debris

when they detect damage, they travel to location and digest debris

70
Q

Neural cytoskeleton

A

microtubule, neurofilament, microfilament

71
Q

Microtubule

A

largest type of fiber

transports neurochemicals and other products to/from cell body

72
Q

Neurofilament

A

neural fiber responsible for structural support

73
Q

Microfilament

A

smallest fiber type

thought to change the length and shape of axons and dendrites

74
Q

Anterograde transport

A

movement of materials from CELL BODY to AXON TERMINAL along microtubules

75
Q

Retrograde transport

A

movement of materials from axon terminal to cell body along microtubules

76
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A 
electrical gradient
opposites attract (negative charge attracted to positive charge)
77
Q

Diffusion

A

concentration gradient

diffuse from areas of high to low concentrations

78
Q

Propagation

A

replication of AP at unmyelinated sections of axon

79
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

movement of AP from one node of Ranvier to the next down the length of a myelinated axon

80
Q

Gap junctions

A

neuron directly effects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions from one cell to another
-distance is shorter and transmission is quicker than typical chemical synapses

81
Q

Chemical synapse

A

messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by neurochemicals

  • volume transmission
  • wiring transmission
82
Q

Volume transmission

A
  • form of chemical synapse

- neurochemicals diffuse through extracellular fluid/CSF to influence cells far away

83
Q

Wiring transmission

A
  • form of chemical synapse

- chemicals diffuse from one cell to impact adjacent cell through localized channels

84
Q

Autoreceptor

A

receptor site located on presynaptic neuron that provides info about the cell’s own activity level

85
Q

Recognition molecules

A

molecule within a receptor that binds to specific neurochemical (how receptors are specific to certain molecules)
-lock and key mechanism

86
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

ligand-gated ion channel

-receptor protein in postsynaptic membrane in which recognition site is located on the same structure as the ion channel

87
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

  • protein embedded in postsynaptic membrane containing recognition site and G protein
  • slower
  • neurochemicals do not directly open ion channel
88
Q

Neural integration

A

determination of whether to fire an AP based on summation of inputs to neuro

89
Q

Spatial summation

A

simultaneous stimulation of many presynaptic terminals (many terminals taking up space on neuron)

90
Q

Temporal summation

A

repeated stimulation of one presynaptic terminal (happening over time, temporal=time)

91
Q

Neuromodulator

A

chemical messenger that communicates with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from the point of release

92
Q

Neurohormone

A

chemical messenger that communicates with target cells at great distance by traveling through the blood

93
Q

Neurotransmitters (different types)

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Monoamines
- Catecholamines (Epi, norepi, dopamine)
- Indolamines (serotonin, melatonin)
3) Histamine
4) Amino acid
- Glutamate
- GABA
5) Gas (Nitric acid (NO) is classic example)

94
Q

Glutamate

A
  • most common excitatory NT
  • ionotropic or metabotropic receptors (Ex: NMDA, AMPA, kainate)

Glutamate-> GAD-> GABA

95
Q

What is special about NMDA receptor?

A
  • It’s both voltage and ligand gated

- glutamate has to bind to receptor AND there has to be sufficient depolarization before it responds

96
Q

GABA

A

-most common inhibitory NT

97
Q

GABA-A receptors

A
  • allow Cl into neuron resulting in membrane hyperpolarization
  • can bind with benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol (all of these supress nervous system activity by increasing inhibition produced by GABA)
98
Q

GABA-B receptors

A
  • GPCR

- cause membrane hyperpolarization

99
Q

Agonist

A

molecule that binds to and activates a receptor

100
Q

Antagonist

A

a chemical that binds to a receptor and prevents its activation
Ex: SSRI (increases amount of serotonin in synapse by inhibiting reuptake)

101
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug (so body can get rid of drug quicker)

102
Q

Functional tolerance

A

target tissue may alter its sensitivity to the drug by changing the number of receptors:

  • Down-regulation in response to an agonist -> fewer receptors
  • Up-regulation in response to an antagonist -> more receptors
103
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class

104
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

deals with interaction between a drug and receptor

105
Q

Binding affinity

A

degree of chemical attraction to receptor (potency)

106
Q

Efficacy

A

actual degree of activity once ligand is bound to receptor

107
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

deals with distribution of drug into body

-enter body, get to site of action

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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