Exam 2 Units 6-8 Flashcards
Define commitment
expectations of a shared future
personal relationships stem from passion, but endure with commitment
What are relational dialectics?
Opposing and continuous tensions that are normal in all close relationships
What are turning points in a relationship?
move a relationship toward/away from intimacy or change
ex: moving in together, meeting the parents
Define the second shift
What is autonomy vs connection
Relational dialectic
the desire to be both separate and connected
What is novelty vs predictability
the desire for both familiar routine and novelty
What is openness vs closedness
the desire for both openness and privacy
What is filtering theory?
proposes that we use a series of increasingly nuanced filters to determine who we want to become close to
What is equity theory?
What are the characteristics of a personal relationship?
Unique - personal relationships are not replaceable
Commitment - expectations of a shared future, commitment grows out of investment in a relationship
Relationship rules - all relationships are guided by constitutive and regulative rules
Affected by contexts - they are not isolated from the social world
Affected by relational dialectics
What are strategies for managing relational dialectics?
Disorientation - we just don’t do anything
Separation - focuses solely on addressing one dialectical tension
Segmentation - involves assigning each dialectical tension to a certain context
Neutralization - attempts to strike a compromise between competing tensions
reframing - transforming the dialectic so tensions are no longer in opposition
What are the two greatest influences on initial attraction?
proximity and similarity
people will seek out relationships with similar others - homophily
What are two challenges facing people in long distance relationships?
The lack of daily communication about small events and issues
unrealistic expectations about interactions when partners are together
What are the three main stages of Knapps relational model?
Escalation - developing a relationship
Navigation - maintaining a relationship
Deterioration - relationships coming apart
Define emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions, and be sensitive to others feelings
Define reappraisal
involves rethinking the meaning of events to alter their emotional impact
Define Alexithymia
difficulty discussing emotions
What is online disinhibition of self?
Anonymity with an audience
i.e. youtube comments
Define emotional contagion
describes our ability to “catch” emotions from other people
Define rumination
involves fixating on negative thoughts/emotions
What is the rational-emotive approach
involves changing feelings by unproductive interpretations
What is emotional agility?
savor positive emotional experiences
regard challenging situations as growth opportunities
focus on gains, not losses
choose compassion over contempts
What are psychological indicators vs verbal/nonverbal indicators of emotions?
psychological - increased heartbeats, rise in BP, increased adrenaline, elevated blood sugar, slower digestion
nonverbal - enger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise
What are facilitative vs debilitative emotions?
facilitative - contribute to effective functioning
debilitative - hinder or prevent effective performance
What factors impact whether an emotion is facilitative or debilitative?
duration - how long we spend thinking about an emotion
intensity - stronger emotions are more likely to be debilitative
Define communication climate
the social and emotional tone of a relationship
What is interpersonal confirmation?
central to the development of a healthy communication climate
Recognition - the most basic form of confirmation, can be verbal or nonverbal
Acknowledgment - involves attending to what a person thinks, feels, or says
Endorsement - the highest form of confirmation, accepting a persons thoughts or feelings as valid
What are disconfirming messages?
recognition - lack thereof
acknowledgment - when we fail to acknowledge the feelings or thoughts of others, or minimize their importance
endorsement - when we reject what others are thinking or feeling as invalid
What are face-threatening acts
What is invitational communication?
openly shares your perspective and invites others to do the same
What are some techniques to minimize defensiveness?
certainty - treats our own position as the only correct one
provisionalism - communication expresses our openness to others ideas and opinions
What are types of communication that contribute to a supportive communication climate?
evaluation vs description control-orientation vs problem-orientation strategy vs spontaneity neutrality vs empathy superiority vs empathy certainty vs provisionalism ***review notes
What is avoidance conflict management?
lose lose
ignore or stay away from conflict
What is accommodation conflict management?
lose win
allow others to get what they want rather than asserting our own POV
Culture impacts how this is perceived
What is competition conflict management?
win lose
achieving your goal comes at the expense of others
more prevalent in individualistic cultures
What is compromise conflict management?
negotiated lose lose
both parties are required to make sacrifices, but both parties are not fully satisfied
What is collaboration conflict management?
win win
find a solution that fully satisfies both parties
What are the five types of power?
reward - the benefits we offer them
coercive - punish for lack of compliance
legitimate - made real by position occupied
expert - you have knowledge they want
referent - obedience based on force of character
What is gunny sacking?
involves storing up minor grievances until you explode
What are the four horsemen?
The four most destructive forces in relationships according to John Gottman Criticism Defensiveness Stonewalling Contempt - the most destructive **watch video
What are the three I’s of conflict?
incompatible - mutually exclusive outcomes
interdependence - what i do affects my SO
interaction
What are the five phases of conflict?
latent -when the conditions are present for conflict to occur
perceived - we are becoming aware that something is wrong
felt - thinking about the conflict, explanations, and solutions
manifest - conflict is verbalized, expression of conflict
aftermath - consequences of conflict
What are the two major dimensions of the conflict styles diagram?
Degree of cooperativeness
Degree of assertiveness
Define relational maintenance
communication that keeps relationships running smoothly and satisfactorily
openness, positivity, assurances, social networking, task sharing
What are the love languages?
words of affirmation quality time gifts acts of service physical touch
Describe negative vs positive feedback
negative feedback maintains stability in a system
positive feedback promotes change in a system
What is holism?
System property
a system is more than the sum of its parts
What is equifinality?
System property
theres more than just a one way path to success
What is entropy?
System property
Without new input, a system will die
Define social support
includes behaviors that “communicate to an individual that s/he is valued and cared for by others”
What are the components of systems?
systems are hierarchical
interdependent
permeable
What is conformity vs conversation orientation in family communication patterns?
conformity - high conformity orientation stresses homogeneity of attitudes, beliefs, and values
conversation - high conversation orientation emphasizes free and frequent communication about a variety of topics
What is the buffering hypothesis?
Social support is most important when we encounter stressful experiences because knowing others are there for us can act as a “buffer” against feeling overwhelmed
What does a systems metaphor suggest about families?
What are the four different types of social support? What are the three types of over support?
action-facilitating support - instrumental and informational support, performing tasks or providing info to increase understanding
nurturing - esteem or emotional support - making the other person feel valued or important, making an effort to acknowledge and understand what another person is feeling
over support - over helping (too much instrumental), over informing (too much informational), emotional contagion (too much emotional)
What are the three types of love in Sternbergs triangular theory?
What is the most complete type of love?
Intimacy, commitment, passion
Consummate love is the most complete type of love
What are the four types of family communication patterns?
consensual, protective, pluralistic, laissez-faire
***see diagram
Define culture
a system of ideas, values, beliefs, customs, and language that is passed from one generation to the next and reflects and sustains a particular way of life
Define high vs low context culture
where meaning is located in an interaction
low - language expresses thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
high - communication relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal, cues to maintain social harmony
What are the individualistic vs collective dimensions fo culture?
individualistic - emphasizes personal goals over group goals - values competition, self-reliance
collective - emphasizes group goals over personal goals
What is the difference between high and low power distance in cultural dimensions?
low power distance - societies minimize the distinction between classes
high power distance - values obeying authority and those in power
What is the high vs low uncertainty avoidance?
high - need clear rules and regulations
low - less threatened by new or unexpected things
What are the masculine vs feminine dimensions of culture?
masculine - aggressiveness, competitiveness, dominating others
feminine - taking care of others, living in harmony
What is long term vs short term orientation in dimensions of culture?
to what extent do people focus on history/the future (long term) vs the present (short term)
What is the communication accommodation theory?
our perception of another person being similar to or different from affects our interaction with them
convergence - adjusting speech to sound more similar to your conversation partner
divergence - adjusting speech to sound more different from your conversational partner
What is person-centered communication?
person-centeredness can help us interact with members of other cultures without resorting to cultural stereotypes
opposite of totalizing
Define ethnocentrism
the tendency to regard our way of life as normal and superior
What is cultural relativism?
recognizes that cultures vary in how they think and behave, as well as in what they believe and value
What is the relationship between culture and communication?
They are mutually influencing
