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Communications 218 RCC Markov > Exam 1 Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parsimony

A

Simpler models are better

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2
Q

Communication

A

A systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret contextual meanings
an ongoing and dynamic process
takes place I a system - a collection of interrelated parts that affect one another

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3
Q

communication competence

A

the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns, and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in a variety of contexts

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4
Q

masspersonal communication

A

broadcasting private information to larger audiences via technology

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5
Q

What are the two levels of communication?

A

content - the literal meaning

relationship - what the message says about your relationship with that person

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6
Q

What are highly impersonal communications?

A

Making an appointment

answering a phone survey

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7
Q

What are highly personal communications?

A

Marriage proposal

Asking for forgiveness

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8
Q

What is media richness theory?

A 
How relationships go from leaner to richer based on the channel of communication
From lean to rich
emailing, texting, letters
phone calls, voice mails
video conferencing, skyping, facetime
face-to-face interaction
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9
Q

What are the three categories of communication models, and how do they differ?

A

linear models - one way process from sender to receiver, most simple version of a model
Interactive models - sender and receiver, but with feedback, communication flows in both directions
Transactional models - communication is a shared message, considers environment of sender and receiver, also takes noise (interference) into account

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10
Q

What are the dimensions of communication competence?

A

Knowledge - your ability to understand what is effective and appropriate in a situation, “should”
Skill - being able to translate knowledge into action, “can”
Motivation - activates knowledge and skills, the behaviors actually performed, “want”

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11
Q

What are characteristics of competent communicators?

A

Adaptable
Perceptive-taking
Cognitive complexity
Self-monitoring

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12
Q

Define the self

A

an ever-changing system of perspectives that is formed and sustained in communication with others and ourselves

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the self?

A

the self is a perspective
dyamic
a system
communicative

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14
Q

Define reflected appraisal

A

the process of seeing ourselves through the eyes of others

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15
Q

Define direct definition

A

communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors

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16
Q

Define social comparison

A

when we rate ourselves relative to others, with respect to our talents and abilities

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17
Q

Define self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When you create the very conditions that you anticipate

thoughts can impact our behavior that then enforces these thoughts

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18
Q

Define online presence

A

Describes the way an individual or company represents itself on social media

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19
Q

Define schemata

A

Cognitive structures we use to organize perceptions

20
Q

Define prototypes

A

the ideal example of some category

21
Q

Define stereotypes

A

predictive generalizations about a person or situation

22
Q

Define personal constructs

A

used to measure a person along bipolar dimensions

people vary in their cognitive complexity

23
Q

Define scripts

A

a sequence of activities that spells out how we are supposed to act in certain situations

24
Q

Define the self-serving bias

A

people tend to attribute positive events to internal, stable, and controllable factors
people ted to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and uncontrollable factors

25
Q

Define fundamental attribution error

A

our tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external attributions

26
Q

Define primacy (and recency) effect

A

our tendency to pay attention to and recall things that happen first

27
Q

Define Halo (and horns) effect

A

our tendency to form a positive overall impression of a person based on one positive characteristic

28
Q

Define the confirmation bias

A

our tendency to seek out and organize our impressions to support an existing opinion
minimizes dissonance

29
Q

Define monitoring

A

calls behaviors to our attention so we can observe and regulate them

30
Q

What communication processes influence the self?

A

Generalized - society as a whole
Particular - significant individuals
Influencers - significant individuals input

31
Q

What are attachment styles that affect our thoughts of self?

A 
Thoughts of self, thoughts of partner(s)
positive, positive - secure
positive, negative - dismissive
negative, positive - preoccupied
negative, negative - fearful
32
Q

What are some benefits and risks of self-disclosure?

A

benefits - catharsis, self-clarification and validation, reciprocity, impression formation, relational maintenance, moral obligation
risks - judgment, rejection, trust, loss of control over information

33
Q

What are the dimensions of attributions?

A

Interpretation is the selective process of creating explanations for our experiences (attributions)
Internal vs. external factors
stable vs. unstable factors
controllable vs. uncontrollable factors

34
Q

Distinguish facts from inferences and judgments

A

Facts are statements based on observation/truth
Inferences are logical leaps that go beyond what you know to be true
Judgments are evaluations of facts and can be emotional

35
Q

What does Mead’s quotation about being “talked into” humanity imply about communication?

A

Sense of self comes from communication with other people

36
Q

What factors influence what stimuli we notice in our perception?

A

larger, more intense, or unusual stimuli
changes in our environment
self-talk or self-concepts
needs, interests, or expectations

37
Q

What is the relationship between personal constructs and cognitive complexity?

A

The more personal constructs one uses, the higher the cognitive complexity
it is a positive relationship

38
Q

What factors influence the interpretations of expectancy violations?

A

Whether the violation is positive or negative (valence)
The magnitude of the deviation
The perceived effect of the violation on the relationship

39
Q

What are the components of perception?

A

Selection - what we notice about the world around us
Organization - how we categorize our observations using schemata
Interpretation - how we assign explanations to our observations

40
Q

Define displacement

A

Refers to our ability to talk about events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation

41
Q

Define denotative

A

The commonly accepted definitions of a word

42
Q

Define connotative

A

The individual emotional or experiential associations people have with a word

43
Q

How does punctuation affect communication?

A

The punctuation of verbal communication is a way to divide a flow of activity into meaningful units

44
Q

Define totalizing

A

Responding to a person as if one label completely represents them

45
Q

Define loaded language

A

Exceedingly slants our perceptions, and thus meanings

46
Q

What are the three A’s of language?

A

Arbitrary - verbal symbols aren’t intrinsically connected to what they represent
Ambiguous - it doesn’t have clear-cut, precise meanings
Abstract - words are stand-ins for the concrete or tangible phenomena they represent

47
Q

What are the rules of language?

A

Syntactic rules - govern language at the mechanical level
Regulative rules - control interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things
Constitutive rules - define what communication means or stands for

Communications 218 RCC Markov (2 decks)

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