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PNS > Exam 2-Unit 4/part of 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2-Unit 4/part of 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is C.N VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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2
Q

T or F: The vestibulocohlear nerve is actually 2 nerves.

A

True. Vestibular nerve and Cochlear nerve.

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3
Q

Where does the vestibular nerve terminate?

A

Vestibular nuchlear complex

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4
Q

How many parts are there to the vestibular nuchlear complex and what are they?

A

4 parts: Superior, medial, lateral, inferior

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5
Q

Where do fibers carried in the vestibular nerve arise from?

A

Cell bodies located in the vestibular ganglion

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6
Q

How many parts does the vestibular ganglion have and what are they?

A

2 parts: anterior and posterior

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7
Q

Where does the cochlear nerve terminate?

A

2 cochlear nuclei: Anterior and posterior

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8
Q

What makes up the cochlear nerve?

A

Bipolar neurons whose cell bodies are in the spiral gnaglion of the cochlea

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9
Q

In the cochlear nerve pathway, peripheral processes (dendrites) extend from the spiral ganglion to __________________________________.

A

The Spiral organ aka Organ of Corti

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10
Q

Where are the cochlear nuclei located?

A

In the posterior, superior medulla oblongata lateral to the vestibular nuclei

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11
Q

What happens when axons leave the cochlear nuclei?

A

They CROSS to the OTHER side of the brainstem and synapse in the trapezoid nuclei or the superior olivary nucleus

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12
Q

When axons from the cochlear nuclei synapse in the trapzeoid nuclei , they form what?

A

lateral lemniscus

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13
Q

What information are the dendrites that extend from the spiral ganglion to the spiral organ carrying?

A

Equilibrium information

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14
Q

Peripheral processes from the vestibular ganglion extend to where?

A

3 inner ear structures
the saccule
the utricle
semicircular canals

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15
Q

Central processes from the vestibular ganglion convery information where?

A

To the vestibular nuclei

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16
Q

Where is the vestibular nuclei located?

A

In the medulla oblongata on the floor of the rhomboid fossa

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17
Q

Where do most of the vestibular nerve fibers terminate?

A

Medial vestibular nucleus (Schwalbe)

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18
Q

Some vestibular nerve fibers (extrapyramidal) travel where?

A

Directly to the cerebellum

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19
Q

When some vestibular nerve fibers go to the cerebellum, how do they get there?

A

By the Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

What is the apparent origin of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

cerebellopontine angle

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21
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve travels in what structure?

A

Posterior Cranial Fossa

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22
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve travels in the posterior cranial fossa to the _________ ________ __________.

A

Internal accoustic meatus

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23
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the internal accoustic meatus with what other nerve?

A

Facial nerve

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24
Q

Does the vestibular or the cochlear nerve have more fibers?

A

cochlear with 30-40,000 fibers
vestibular only carries 20,000 fibers

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25
Q

When the cochlear nerve leaves the internal accoustic meatus, where does it go?

A

Leaves the temporal bone and reahes the spiral ganglion.

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26
Q

When does the vestibular nerve divide into 2 branches?

A

As it approaches the ear

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27
Q

What are the 2 branches of the vestibular nerve?

A

superior and inferior branches

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28
Q

Is the superior or the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve smaller?

A

Inferior branch

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29
Q

What makes up the inferior branch of the vestibular nerve?

A

The saccular nerve and the posterior ampullary nerve

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30
Q

What does the saccular nerve supply?

A

The saccule duh

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31
Q

What does the posterior ampullary nerve supply?

A

The posterior ampullary crest

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32
Q

What makes up the superior branch of the vestibular nerve?

A

The lateral and anterior ampullary nerve

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33
Q

What do the lateral and anterior ampullary nerve supply?

A

The lateral and anterior semicircular canals

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34
Q

What supplies the utricle of the ear?

A

A branch of the lateral ampullary nerve which is a branch of the superior branch of the vestibular nerve

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35
Q

What is the branch off the the superior branch of the vestibular nerve that goes directly to the saccule of the ear?

A

Voit’s nerve

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36
Q

What is an acoustic neuroma?

A

An equilibrium problem

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37
Q

What is acoustic neuroma also called?

A

Vestibular Schwannoma

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38
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

ringing in the ears

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39
Q

Tinnitus is the 1st sign of what disease?

A

Meniere’s Disease

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40
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss

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41
Q

Cochlear Implants are used for what type of hearing loss?

A

Sensoryneural hearing loss

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42
Q

Sensoryneural hearing loss is what type of problem?

A

Organ/structure problem

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43
Q

Are cochlear implants conductive?

A

No

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44
Q

Vestubular disease is a problem with what?

A

CN 8

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45
Q

What is Cranial nerve 9?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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46
Q

What type of fibers are carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Motor, Sensory, and autonomic

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47
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve is the motor innervation for what muscle?

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

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48
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve carries general special visceral sensory information from where?

A

The pharynx. This includes taste information from the posterior tongue

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49
Q

The glossopharyneal nerve carries parasympathetic information where?

A

Parotid and other glands

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50
Q

The motor fibers carried in the glosspharyngeal nerve arise from cell bodies located where?

A

Superior part of the nucleus ambiguus

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51
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from where?

A

Inferior salivary nucleus

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52
Q

Afferent sensory fubers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve terminate where?

A

The solitary nucleus

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53
Q

How many peripheral ganglia are associated witht he glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

2

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54
Q

What are the 2 peripheral ganglia associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve? Which is smaller?

A

Superior ganglion and inferior ganglion. The superior is smaller.

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55
Q

General sensory information is carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve branches from where?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, posterior part of tongue, uvula, and palatine tonsils

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56
Q

General sensation from the _________ is also carried in glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

tympanic cavity

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57
Q

Neurons carrying sensory information in the glossopharyngeal nerve have cell bodies located where?

A

Inferior ganglion

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58
Q

Sensory information carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapses where?

A

spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

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59
Q

Where does taste information from the psoterior tongue synapse?

A

Superior part of the solitary nucleus

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60
Q

Visceral afferent information coming from the inferior ganglion synapse where?

A

lower part of the solitary nucleus

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61
Q

Visceral afferent information is carried from where? *Cell bodies in inferior ganglion but what structures is the info coming from?

A

Carotid sinus and carotid body

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62
Q

What contributes lower motor neurons to CN 9, 10 and 11?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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63
Q

Lower motor neurons from nucleus ambiguus innervate what muscle and helps with what?

A

Stylopharyngeus. Helps with swallowing.

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64
Q

What gives rise to the preganglionic parasympathetic axons carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior salivary nucleus

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65
Q

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse?

A

Otic ganglion

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66
Q

What gives rise to the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Otic ganglion

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67
Q

The postganglionic nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve supply what?

A

parotid glands, buccal glands, inferior labial gland

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68
Q

What nerve besides glosspharyngeal nerve also supplies the parotid gland?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN VII)

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69
Q

What is the apparent origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Superior aspect of the medulla oblongata

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70
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of glossopharyngeal nerve are actually carried in the ______

A

C.N V3

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71
Q

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve enters the nerve at the inferior ganglion?

A

Carotid branch

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72
Q

What does the carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve carry?

A

Information from chemoreceptors in the carotid body and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus

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73
Q

What branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve convey sensory information from the micosa of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branch

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74
Q

What forms the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Pharyngeal branches combining with vagal brances

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75
Q

Which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies motro function to the stylopharyngeus?

A

Muscular branch

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76
Q

What information do the tonsilar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve relay?

A

Sensory information from the palatine tonsils and oral mucosa

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77
Q

What information do the lingual branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve relay?

A

General sensory and taste information from the tongue, posterior to the sulcus terminalis

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78
Q

True or false: The Vagus nerve is motor only.

A

False. It is mixed. It carries motor, parasympathetic, and sensory.

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79
Q

Where does the vagus carry some taste information from?

A

epiglottal region

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80
Q

What is the most important parasympathetic nerve?

A

Vagus (CN 10)

81
Q

What is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus (CN 10)

82
Q

Motor fibers in the vagus nerve have cell bodies located where?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

83
Q

What sends information to nucleus ambiguus?

A

both cerebral hemispheres (bilateral)

84
Q

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve arise from?

A

`posterior nucleus of vagus

85
Q

Where does the posterior nucleus of vagus receive information from?

A

indirectly from hypothalamus and carotid sinus

86
Q

Incoming somatic sensory information through the vagus terminates where?

A

Spinal nucleus of CN 5

87
Q

In relation to the vagus nerve, taste and viscerosensory information terminates where?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

88
Q

How many peripheral ganglion are associated with the vagus nerve and what are they?

A
  1. Superior/jugular ganglion and the inferior/nodose ganglion
89
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, Somatic sensory information (pain) is carried in neurons whose cell bodies are located where?

A

Superior/jugular gagnlion

90
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, Somatic sensory information (pain) terminates where?

A

Spinal nucleus of CN 5

91
Q

Where does the vagus nerve carry pain (somatic sensory info) from?

A

auricle, external ear, auditory canal, lateral tympanic membrane, and mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

92
Q

What is the pathway of taste information from the epiglottis carried in the vagus nerve?

A

Epiglottis to superior part of the nucleus of the solitary tract by neurons located in the inferior ganglion

93
Q

In regards to the vagus nerve, what type of information is carried to the inferior part of of the nucleus for the solitary tract?

A

Visceral sensory

94
Q

Taste information and visceral sensory information are carried in neurons from where? (Vagus nerve)

A

inferior ganglion

95
Q

The vagus nerve carries visceral sensory information from where?

A

larynx, layngopharynx, viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, pressure in the aortic arch, and chemoreceptors in the para-aortic body.

96
Q

What is the apparent origin of the vagus nerve?

A

lateral aspect of the medulla oblongata

97
Q

The vagus nerve emerges from its apparent origin as a series of _________.

A

rootlets

98
Q

The rootlets of the vagus nerve combine to forma trunk and gives off 1 branch before keaving the skull. What is that 1 branch?

A

The meningeal branch

99
Q

What does the meningeal ranch of the vagus nerve supply?

A

The dura of the posterior cranial fossa

100
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

101
Q

The jugular foramen has a septum splitting it into anterior and posterior. What nerves exit the anterior part of it?

A

CN 10 (vagus) and CN 11 (accessory)

102
Q

The jugular foramen has a septum splitting it into anterior and posterior. What nerves exit the posterior part of it?

A

CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)

103
Q

What 2 nerves share a meningeal sheath?
*Meningeal sheath=arachnoid and dura

A

Vagus and spinal accessory

104
Q

Where is the superior ganglion located?

A

In the jugular foramen

105
Q

Where is the inferior ganglion located?

A

just inferior to the jugular foramen

106
Q

True or false: The superior ganglion is larger than the inferior ganglion.

A

Falso. Inferior is bigger

107
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve is given off at the superior ganglion?

A

The auricular branch

108
Q

What information does the auricular branch of the vagus carry?

A

Sensory information from the meatus and a small portion of the auricle

109
Q

Upon exiting the jugular foramen, the vagus nerve travels _________ within the ________ ______.

A

inferiorly; carotid sheath

110
Q

What 2 blood vessels does the vagus nerve travel with in the carotid sheath before reaching the carotid bifurcation?

A

internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein

111
Q

Once the vagus nerve has traveled past the carotid bifurcation, what 2 blood vessels does it run with?

A

Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

112
Q

At what level does the pharygeal branch leave the vagus nerve?

A

Inferior ganglion (remember this is below the jugular foramen)

113
Q

The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve combines with what other fibers? What does this combination form?

A

Fibers from glossopharyngeal and with sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk. This forms the pharyngeal plexus.

114
Q

The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve supplies motor supply to what muscles?

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the levator veli palatine muscle of the soft palate

115
Q

There are branches of the vagus nerve going to what artery?

A

Carotid artery

116
Q

Branches of the vagus going to the carotid artery come off the vagus where?

A

Inferior ganglion

117
Q

What are the branches of vagus nerve going to the carotid artery carrying?

A

Viscerosensory fibers that relay info from chemoreceptors in the carotid body to the inferior part of the nucleus for the solitary tract

118
Q

Where is the superior laryngeal nerve given off of vagus nerve?

A

Just inferiro to the the inferior ganglion

119
Q

The superior laryngeal (branch of vagus) nerve divides into what 2 nerves?

A

Internal (sensory) and external laryngeal nerve (motor)

120
Q

The internal laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) carries sensory information from what muscles?

A

laryngeal mucosa as inferior as vocal folds

121
Q

The external laryngeal nerve provides motor supply to what muscle?

A

Cricothyroid

122
Q

What carries sensory info from laryngeal mucosa below the vocal fold?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

123
Q

What vagus nerve branch supplies motor supply to all muscles of the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid (bc external laryngeal supplies it)

124
Q

True or false: The recurrent laryngeal nerve follows a different path on each side (left and right).

A

True

125
Q

What is the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side of the body?

A

It comes off after the vagus passes in front of the aortic arch and passes under the aortic arch and ascends

126
Q

What is the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the right side of the body?

A

It passes posteriorly under the subclavian artery before ascending

127
Q

What branches of the vagus nerve carries parasympathetic information to the cardiac plexus?

A

Superior and Inferior cardiac branches

128
Q

True or false: The superior cardiac branch is directly off the vagus nerve?

A

True

129
Q

True or false: The inferior cardiac branch is directly off the vagus nerve?

A

False. Comes of recurrent laryngeal nerves

130
Q

Where are the superior and inferior branches of the vagus going?

A

Cardiac plexus

131
Q

The superior and inferior branches of the vagus are stimulated when blood pressure is low or high?

A

high

132
Q

Once the vagus nerve reaches the thorax, it contributes to the __________ plexus.

A

pulmonary

133
Q

After the thorax, the right vagus goes anterior or posterior?

A

posterior

134
Q

After the thorax, the left vagus goes anterior or posterior?

A

anterior over the esophagus

135
Q

After the thorax, the left vagus contributes to the ________ plexus.

A

esophageal

136
Q

After the thorax, the right vagus goes where?

A

To the abdominal cavity through the esophageal opening and becomes the posterior vagal trunk

137
Q

What is the terminal branch of the vagus?

A

Celiac branch

138
Q

The celiac branch of the vagus ends branches where?

A

To the duodenum, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and proximal 2/3 of the large intestine

139
Q

What other plexuses does the vagal nerve supply?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteeric and renal plexuses

140
Q

The left vagus becomes what trunk?

A

Anterior vagal trunk

141
Q

What does the left vagus send branches to?

A

stomach, liver, pancreas, superior part of duodenum

142
Q

What is fatal condition of the vagus nerve?

A

Bilateral transection

143
Q

What issues would lesions within the vault or close to the skull cause?

A

widespread problems with the palate, larynx, and pharynx

144
Q

What clinical consideration of the vagus nerve would cause hoarseness?

A

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

145
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Accessory nerve/Spinal Accessory nerve

146
Q

True or false: The spinal accessory nerve is exclusively sensory

A

False. Exclusively motor

147
Q

True or false: The spinal accessory nerve has a cranila root and a spinal root.

A

True

148
Q

What muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx

149
Q

Cell bodies in the __________ _________ contribute axons to the cranial root of the accessory nerve.

A

Nucleus ambiguuous

150
Q

Where is the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve found?

A

In the anterior horn of the gray matter

151
Q

The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve expends from where to where?

A

approximately from the level of the foramen magnum inferiorly to the C5 or C6 level

152
Q

Where does the cranial root of the SPinal accessory nerve emerge from?

A

Medulla oblongata

153
Q

Where does the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve exit the skull?

A

jugular foramen

154
Q

When do fibers of the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve join the vagus nerve?

A

Inferior ganglion

155
Q

The fibers of the cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve are carried in the vagus nerve after combining at the inferior ganglion. Now they are distributed where?

A

to the pharyngeal plexus and the external and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Meaning they contribute to the motor supply of the laryngeal muscles except cricoarytenoid.

156
Q

Rootlets contributing to the spinal root of the accessory nerve emerge from where?

A

The lateral aspect of the cervical cord (between the anterior and posterior rootlets)

157
Q

Where does the spinal root enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

158
Q

What does the spinal root of CN XI supply motor function to?

A

sternocleidomastoid

159
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

160
Q

Is CN XII motor or sensory?

A

motor

161
Q

The hypoglossal nerve rootlets combine to form 2 bundles. Where do the bundles exit the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal

162
Q

The hypoglossal nerve provides motor supply to what?

A

intrinsic and external muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus

163
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the axons in the hypoglossal nerve from?

A

nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve

164
Q

Where is the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve located?

A

The floor of the rhomboid fossa

165
Q

What is the apparent origin of CN XII?

A

sulcus between pyramid and olive

166
Q

What do the terminal branches of the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

muscles of tongue

167
Q

There are fibers from the 1st and 2nd cervical nerves that travel with CN XII. They seperate and form what?

A

superior root of ansa cervicalis

168
Q

What branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus?

A

Lingual branches

169
Q

What is hemiatrophy?

A

tongue deviates to the weak side
larynx deviates to good side

170
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

171
Q

How many spinal nerves come from each region?

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

172
Q

The anterior spinal roots carry what information? (sensory or motor)

A

motor

173
Q

Do the anterior spinal roots carry efferent or afferent axons?

A

efferent

174
Q

Efferent axons have cell bodies located where?

A

anterior (S2-S4) or lateral horns (T1-L2)

175
Q

How are anterior roots attached to the spinal cord?

A

rootlets

176
Q

How are posterior roots attached to the spinal cord?

A

rootlets attach to cord at the posterolateral sulcus

177
Q

What information does the posterior roots carry?

A

sensory

178
Q

Do the posterior spinal roots carry efferent or afferent axons?

A

afferent axons

179
Q

afferent axons have cell bodies located where?

A

posterior root ganglion (dorsal spinal ganglion)

180
Q

Where are spinal ganglia located?

A

either inside or just medial to the intervertebral foramen, beyond the dura

181
Q

There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are C1 and C2 ganglia located?

A

Their respective vertebral arches

182
Q

There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are sacral ganglia located?

A

Within the vertebral canal beyond dura

183
Q

There are exceptions to where spinal ganglia are located. Where are coccygeal ganglia located?

A

inside dura mater

184
Q

Do the anterior and posterior roots of a spinal nerve combine?

A

Yes

185
Q

What happens shortly after anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves combine?

A

A meningeal ( recurrent meningeal sinuvertebral) branch is given off

186
Q

True or false: A meningeal branch is present at all spinal levels?

A

True

187
Q

The meningeal branch re-enters the vertebral canal through the ________.

A

IVF

188
Q

When the meningeal branch reenters the vertebral canal, what happens?

A

It divides into ascending, descending, and transverse branches

189
Q

What does the meningeal branch do? What is its purpose?

A

Provide somatosensory and sympathetic supply to the dura, blood vessels, periosteum, ligaments, and intervertebral disca in the anterior and lateral portions of the canal.

190
Q

Remember the anterior and posterior root combined and we had a mixed nerve? The meningeal branch was given off and did its own thing. What happens to the rest of the mixed spinal nerve?

A

It divides into 2 (primary) rami. Anterior and posterior.

191
Q

The posterior primary rami divides into what?

A

lateral and medial branches (except C1)

192
Q

Is the posterior primary ramus or the anterior primary ramus smaller?

A

posterior

193
Q

What muscles do the posterior primary ramus nnervate?

A

Deep back muscles

194
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the skin on either side of the spine?

A

Posterior primary ramus

195
Q

What is the motor innervation to the anterior and lateral trunk muscles?

A

Anterior primary ramus

196
Q

What is the motor innervation to the skeletal muscles of the extremities?

A

Anterior primary ramus

197
Q

The anterior primary ramus carries sensory information from where?

A

skin of extremites and anterior and lateral trunk

198
Q

Do posterior or anterior primary rami contribute to the great plexuses?

A

Anterior

PNS (5 decks)

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