Exam 2 Topics

Question 1

paracrine cell communication

Answer 1

release of paracrine factor into tissue interstitial affects target cell in close proximity

Question 2

endocrine cell communication

Answer 2

release hormones into blood which can effects target cells in multiple organs

Question 3

neuroendocrine cell communication

Answer 3

triggered by action potentials that cause release of hormones into blood affecting target cells in multiple organs

Question 4

communication by excitable cells connected by?

Answer 4

gap junctions

Question 5

what constitutes a target cell?

Answer 5

expression of a receptor that can bind to a chemical messenger

Question 6

receptors that bind neurotransmitters released by neurons

Answer 6

ligand-gated channels and G protein coupled receptors

Question 7

Ligand-gated channels

Answer 7

inotropic receptors

Question 8

G Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

Answer 8

metabotropic receptors

Question 9

Types of neurons

Answer 9

afferent, interneurons, efferent

Question 10

Afferent neurons

Answer 10

propagate APs to brain and or spinal cord

Question 11

Orientation of afferent neurons

Answer 11

dendrites, hillock, cell body = outside CNS
axon terminals = inside CNS

Question 12

Classification of afferent neurons

Answer 12

location of dendrites and by stimulus modality detected

Question 13

Interneurons

Answer 13

propagate APs within the CNS

Question 14

Orientation of interneurons

Answer 14

all components found in brain and/or spinal cord

Question 15

Classification of interneurons

Answer 15

where their cell body is found

Question 16

Efferent neruons

Answer 16

propagate APs away from the CNS

Question 17

orientation of efferent neurons

Answer 17

dendrites, cell body, hillock = inside the CNS
axon terminals = outside CNS

Question 18

Classification of efferent neurons

Answer 18

location of the axon terminals; somatic or autonomic

Question 19

Somatic efferents

Answer 19

motor neurons; axon terminals found ONLY in skeletal muscle

Question 20

Autonomic efferents

Answer 20

axon terminals in internal organs and blood vessels

Question 21

Afferents transduce different stimulus modalities into…

Answer 21

variable magnitude receptor potentials and variable frequency APs

Question 22

What is responsible for specificity of an afferent detecting only one type of stimuli?

Answer 22

Specific type of ion channels found within the dendrites of the afferent

Question 23

interneurons function is to…

Answer 23

integrate information about different stimuli to coordinate activities of organs and body systems by affecting excitability of efferent neurons

Question 24

Brain Organization

Answer 24

brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

Question 25

Brainstem

Answer 25

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 26

Diencephalon

Answer 26

hypothalamus
thalamus

Question 27

cerebrum

Answer 27

basal nuclei
cerebral cortex

Question 28

Brainstem interneurons function

Answer 28

1. coordinate activities of: Cardiovascular sys. respiratory sys., and digestive sys.
2. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes important for posture and balance
3. relaying afferent information to the thalamus

Question 29

cerebellar interneurons function

Answer 29

1. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes important for posture and balance
2. involved in planning, sequencing, and execution of complex voluntary movements

Question 30

Hypothalamus interneurons function

Answer 30

1. coordinate activities of the: renal system, digestive sys., and endocrine system.
2. coordinate activities of: cardiovascular sys., integumentary sys., and muscular sys.
3. coordinate the thirst response by communicating with cerebral cortex
4. coordinating satiety response for energy balance and nutrient level regulation

Question 31

Thalamus interneurons function

Answer 31

1. relay afferent info to cerebral cortex
2. have role in eliciting emotions

Question 32

Basal nuclei interneurons function

Answer 32

coordinating and refine posture and voluntary movement

Question 33

Cerebral cortex - cortical neurons

Answer 33

1. eliciting conscious perception of stimuli
2. planning and sequencing and inhibition of voluntary movement
3. more complex functions: learning and memory, cognition, decision making, and emotion

Question 34

what is the sensory areas of the cortex responsible for

Answer 34

eliciting conscious perception of stimuli

Question 35

what is the motor areas of the cortex responsible for

Answer 35

planning, sequencing, and inhibition of voluntary movement
voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Question 36

what are the association areas of the cortex responsible for

Answer 36

complex functions such as:
learning and memory
cognition
decision making
emotion

Question 37

what is considered evolutionary the oldest part of the brain?

Answer 37

brainstem

Question 38

what takes up 80% mass in the brain

Answer 38

cerebrum

Question 39

spinal cord interneurons function

Answer 39

1. coordinate activities of: digestive sys. renal sys. and reproductive sys.
2. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes, important for posture and balance.
3. coordinates skeletal muscle reflexes for protection against noxious stimuli
4. relay afferent info to the brain

Question 40

Areas of the spinal cord

Answer 40

gray matter and white matter

Question 41

gray matter

Answer 41

area containing cell bodies of spinal cord interneurons and some efferent neurons

Question 42

white matter

Answer 42

area containing only axons; has ascending and descending tracts

Question 43

ascending tracts

Answer 43

axons that propagate APs UP TOWARD the brain

Question 44

descending tracts

Answer 44

axons that propagate APs DOWN THE SPINAL CORD

Question 45

what does white matter mostly consist of?

Answer 45

white matter

Question 46

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 46

any nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 47

what constitutes the PNS?

Answer 47

nerves and ganglia

Question 48

Classification of nerves

Answer 48

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 49

Cranial nerves

Answer 49

originate from brainstem (bilateral; organized by pairs)

Question 50

How many pairs are there of cranial nerves?

Answer 50

12 pairs

Question 51

7 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 51

are mixed nerves, contains both afferent and efferent axons

Question 52

3 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 52

are afferent axons only

Question 53

2 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 53

are efferent axons only

Question 54

11 of the 12 cranial nerves innervate

Answer 54

tissues in the head and neck

Question 55

Cranial nerve X

Answer 55

innervates many thoracic and abdominal organs