Exam 2 Topics Flashcards

1
Q

paracrine cell communication

A

release of paracrine factor into tissue interstitial affects target cell in close proximity

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2
Q

endocrine cell communication

A

release hormones into blood which can effects target cells in multiple organs

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3
Q

neuroendocrine cell communication

A

triggered by action potentials that cause release of hormones into blood affecting target cells in multiple organs

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4
Q

communication by excitable cells connected by?

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

what constitutes a target cell?

A

expression of a receptor that can bind to a chemical messenger

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6
Q

receptors that bind neurotransmitters released by neurons

A

ligand-gated channels and G protein coupled receptors

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7
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

inotropic receptors

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8
Q

G Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

metabotropic receptors

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9
Q

Types of neurons

A

afferent, interneurons, efferent

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10
Q

Afferent neurons

A

propagate APs to brain and or spinal cord

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11
Q

Orientation of afferent neurons

A

dendrites, hillock, cell body = outside CNS
axon terminals = inside CNS

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12
Q

Classification of afferent neurons

A

location of dendrites and by stimulus modality detected

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

propagate APs within the CNS

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14
Q

Orientation of interneurons

A

all components found in brain and/or spinal cord

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15
Q

Classification of interneurons

A

where their cell body is found

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16
Q

Efferent neruons

A

propagate APs away from the CNS

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17
Q

orientation of efferent neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, hillock = inside the CNS
axon terminals = outside CNS

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18
Q

Classification of efferent neurons

A

location of the axon terminals; somatic or autonomic

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19
Q

Somatic efferents

A

motor neurons; axon terminals found ONLY in skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Autonomic efferents

A

axon terminals in internal organs and blood vessels

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21
Q

Afferents transduce different stimulus modalities into…

A

variable magnitude receptor potentials and variable frequency APs

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22
Q

What is responsible for specificity of an afferent detecting only one type of stimuli?

A

Specific type of ion channels found within the dendrites of the afferent

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23
Q

interneurons function is to…

A

integrate information about different stimuli to coordinate activities of organs and body systems by affecting excitability of efferent neurons

24
Q

Brain Organization

A

brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

25
Brainstem
midbrain pons medulla
26
Diencephalon
hypothalamus thalamus
27
cerebrum
basal nuclei cerebral cortex
28
Brainstem interneurons function
1. coordinate activities of: Cardiovascular sys. respiratory sys., and digestive sys. 2. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes important for posture and balance 3. relaying afferent information to the thalamus
29
cerebellar interneurons function
1. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes important for posture and balance 2. involved in planning, sequencing, and execution of complex voluntary movements
30
Hypothalamus interneurons function
1. coordinate activities of the: renal system, digestive sys., and endocrine system. 2. coordinate activities of: cardiovascular sys., integumentary sys., and muscular sys. 3. coordinate the thirst response by communicating with cerebral cortex 4. coordinating satiety response for energy balance and nutrient level regulation
31
Thalamus interneurons function
1. relay afferent info to cerebral cortex 2. have role in eliciting emotions
32
Basal nuclei interneurons function
coordinating and refine posture and voluntary movement
33
Cerebral cortex - cortical neurons
1. eliciting conscious perception of stimuli 2. planning and sequencing and inhibition of voluntary movement 3. more complex functions: learning and memory, cognition, decision making, and emotion
34
what is the sensory areas of the cortex responsible for
eliciting conscious perception of stimuli
35
what is the motor areas of the cortex responsible for
planning, sequencing, and inhibition of voluntary movement voluntary control of skeletal muscle
36
what are the association areas of the cortex responsible for
complex functions such as: learning and memory cognition decision making emotion
37
what is considered evolutionary the oldest part of the brain?
brainstem
38
what takes up 80% mass in the brain
cerebrum
39
spinal cord interneurons function
1. coordinate activities of: digestive sys. renal sys. and reproductive sys. 2. coordinating skeletal muscle reflexes, important for posture and balance. 3. coordinates skeletal muscle reflexes for protection against noxious stimuli 4. relay afferent info to the brain
40
Areas of the spinal cord
gray matter and white matter
41
gray matter
area containing cell bodies of spinal cord interneurons and some efferent neurons
42
white matter
area containing only axons; has ascending and descending tracts
43
ascending tracts
axons that propagate APs UP TOWARD the brain
44
descending tracts
axons that propagate APs DOWN THE SPINAL CORD
45
what does white matter mostly consist of?
white matter
46
Peripheral Nervous System
any nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
47
what constitutes the PNS?
nerves and ganglia
48
Classification of nerves
cranial and spinal nerves
49
Cranial nerves
originate from brainstem (bilateral; organized by pairs)
50
How many pairs are there of cranial nerves?
12 pairs
51
7 pairs of cranial nerves
are mixed nerves, contains both afferent and efferent axons
52
3 pairs of cranial nerves
are afferent axons only
53
2 pairs of cranial nerves
are efferent axons only
54
11 of the 12 cranial nerves innervate
tissues in the head and neck
55
Cranial nerve X
innervates many thoracic and abdominal organs
56