Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phys > exam 2: thyroid and parathyroid hormones > Flashcards

exam 2: thyroid and parathyroid hormones Flashcards

1
Q

93% of the active hormones secreted by thyroid gland is

A

T4- thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

7% of active hormones secreted by thyroid gland is

A

T3- Triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which is more potent, T3 orT4?

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do thyroid hormones impact?

they also have permission action on

A

metabolism and growth/development

permission action on: catecholamines: EPI and NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is required for thyroid hormone synthesis so thyroid follicular cells actively transport I- obtained from the diet?

A

Iodine I2 required

so actively transport I- (iodine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ is capable of producing intracellular I- concentrations that are 2-40 times greater as the concentration in plasma

A

Na+/I- symporter (NIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what must also exit the thyrocyte cells across the apical membrane to access the ______ where the initial steps of thyroid hormone synthesis occurs.
______ is a Cl-/I- exchanger

A

iodine must also exit to access collid

pendrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

essentially, to make thyroid hormone you need

A

iodine(I2) and tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. NIS moves I- into follicular cell
  2. Pendrin moves Cl- into follicular cell and I- out of cell to collid making it I2
  3. peroxidase complexes with Thyroglobin (Tg) to form T3 and T4
    -(T3 and T4 stored in collid until time to secrete into blood)
  4. T3 and T4 go back into follicular cell and secreted out into blood stream
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T3 and T3 are produced in the ______ and complexed with _____ which complexed with peroxidase

A

thryroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

protein that has a ton of tyrosine

A

thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steps of T3 and T4 secreted into blood

A
  1. collid is internalized by endocytosis (into follicular cell)
  2. vesicles fuse with lysosomes in the cell
  3. proteases cleave T3 and T4 from Tg
  4. T3 and T4 diffuse out of cell and into capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

99% of T3 and T4 bind with what for transport?

A

plasma proteins (albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T4 can be converted to T3 by

A

iodinase/deiodinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most active form od thyroid hormone

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

target cells make active T3 by using enzymes called:

which remove an iodine from T4

A

diodinases and iodinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

various conditions inhibit deiodinase activity:

A

selenium deficiency, burns, trauma, advanced cancer cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, MI and febrile states, fasting, stress.

** could show signs of hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thyroid hormones lead to production of

A

new proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the overall effect you have from thyroid hormone are:

A

-growth

-CNS development

-cardiovascular effects (permissive effects) (all increase)

-metabolism (glucose uptake, making glucose, protein synthesis, increase BMR) (all increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TH increases expression of Beta receptors and so thats going to let the sympathetic nervous system have a greater response at those receptors when the sympathetic nervous system is active

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____actions occur sooner than ____ with the max activity ~2-3 days

A

T3 acts sooner than T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

control of thyroid hormone secretion (TH) is ______ FEEDBACK mainly at the level of:

A

negative feedback
mainly at the level of the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ is the main circulating form which is responsible for most of the negative feedback.

but it is converted into ____ when it reaches the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

T4

converted into T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TSH secretion is _______.
output starts to rise at _______, peaks at ______, and then declines during _____

A

TSH secretion is pulsatile
output starts to rise at 9pm, peaks at midnight, and declines during day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the effects of thyroid hormone on metabolism:

A

increase to everything:

+BMR
+protein synthesis
+lipolysis
(stimulates FAT metabolism)
(increase lipid mobilization^ and oxidation of FA)

+glycolysis
+glucose absorption
+gluconeogenesis
(stimulates carbohydrate metabolism)

+O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

effects of thyroid hormone on metabolism 5 main points:

A

+BMR
+Oxygen consumption
+carbohydrate metabolism
+protein catabolism and synthesis
+fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 3 points referring to the stimulate of carbohydrate metabolism with effects of TH on metabolism

A

causes uptake of glucose by cells, enchances glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and increases rate of CHO (carbohydrate) absorption from GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

3 points referring to stimulates of FAT metabolism with effect of TH on metabolism

A

increase lipid mobilization (lipolysis) and oxidation of FA by cells, required to convert beta carotene to Vitamin A wound healing(hyperthyroid patients have yellowish skin), and decreases circulating cholesterol levels (hypothyoidism associated with hyperlipidemia)

29
Q

without TH secretion, BMR

A

falls to about 50% of normal

30
Q

effects of TH on metabolism stimulates more ______ of protein than it does ____ of protein

A

stimulates more break down of protein (catabolism) than synthesis of protein

31
Q

what is needed for normal development of the NS

A

Thyroid hormone

32
Q

impacts reflex time:
-what can cause prolonged reflex time?

A

TH

hypothyroidism

33
Q

what 3 things can occur from an increase of TH

A
  1. muscle tremors due to increased reactivity of neuronal synapses
  2. feeling of tiredness but difficulty sleeping
  3. anxiety, worry and paranoia
34
Q

what are the effects of TH with the cardiovasucular system?

A
  1. increased expression of B-adrenergic receptors (EPI and NE)
  2. increased blood flow, heart rate, and heart contractibility
35
Q

what are the effects of TH in the endocrine system?

A
  1. activation of bone formation, causes a need for increased PTH secretion, which means would increase blood Ca2+
36
Q

effects of TH with GI tract:

A
  1. increase appetite and food intake
  2. increased rate of secretion and motility of GI tract
37
Q

which has constipation and which has diarrhea?

A

constipation: hypothyroidism
diarrhea: hyperthyroidism

38
Q

enlarged thyroid that DOES NOT indicate functional status

A

goiter

39
Q

what is goiter all seen in?

A

hypothyroidism
hyperhtyroidism, euthyroidism

40
Q

goiter caused by excess amounts of TSH secretion.

high TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete large amounts of ______________ into follicles, resulting in gland enlargement

A

stimulates thyroid to secrete large amounts of thyroglobulin colloid into follicles

41
Q

most common form of hypethyroidism

A

grave’s disease

42
Q

hyperthyroidism can also occur due to a thyroid:

A

adenoma

43
Q

grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies to TSH receptor called _____________ stimulate the thyroid gland to excess

A

TSI thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins

44
Q

what is goiter caused by

A

excess TSH (from anterior pituitary gland)

45
Q

what has a long half life than TSH

A

TSI antibodies have prolonged stimulating effects on thyroid gland

46
Q

high levels of thyroid hormone secretion caused by TSI supress:

A

anterior pituitary TSH secretion (negative feedback)

47
Q

some symptoms of grave’s disease aka hyperthyroidism

A

bilateral exophthalmos, goiter, increased appetite but weight loss, tremor, muscle wasting, edema in skin at ankles

48
Q

treatment of hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease)

A
  1. radioactive I thyroid ablation or antithyroid drugs (dont need surgery)
  2. propanolol (B blockers) (for adrenergic sympts.)
  3. L-thyroxine (T4) to prevent hypothyroidism who had surgery
49
Q

what are oral symptoms of hyperthyroidism:

A
  1. burning mouth syndrome (neuropathic pain)
  2. gum disease
  3. excessive salivation
  4. weakening of mandible
  5. increased caries risk
50
Q

elevated thyroid hormone with stressful events (trauma, surgery, severe emotional distress) or serious illness

A

thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis)

51
Q

what are the symptoms of thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis)

A

fever, tachycardia, elevated BP, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathing problems

52
Q

in patients with hyperthyroidism (have more beta receptors) or those that exhibit signs/symptoms of it (with thyroid storm), administration of _______ is contraindicated and elective dental care should be deferred (dont use)

A

epinephrine

53
Q

autoimmune reaction against thyroid gland destroys gland rather than stimulating it

A

hypothyroidism aka Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

54
Q

most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

55
Q

in hypothyroidism aka Hashimotos, most patients first exhibit autoimmune __________ aka thyroid inflammation.

inflammation leads to _______ of thyroid resulting in decreased secretion of TH

A

thyroiditis

fibrosis of thyroid

56
Q

what is the treatment for hypothyroidism

A

T4- L-thyroxine

57
Q

other than Hasimotos’s, hypthyroidism can also occur from

A

low iodine

58
Q

in hypothyroid states:
goiter:
no goiter:

A

goiter: iodine deficiency and high levels of TSH
no goiter: TSH deficiency and no iodine deficiency

59
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms:

A
  • impaired memory, large tongue, weight gain, pallor, slow pulse (decreased number of beta receptors=less sympathetic nervous system response)

loss of lateral eyebrows
coarse, dry and brittle hair

60
Q

is hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency a primary or secondary endocrine disorder?

A

primary
= goiter= increase in TSH

61
Q

hypothyroidism due to TSH deficiency?

A

secondary endocrine disorder bc effecting anterior pituitary = no goiter= decrease in TSH

62
Q

what is seen in severely hypothyroid patients

A

myxdema

63
Q

increased quantities of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate bound with protein plus water accumulate in skin

A

myxedema
-puffy eyelids, waxy dry pale wrinkly skin

64
Q

thyroid hormones required for postnatal brain maturation
-results from:
*congenital absence of thyroid gland
*iodine deficient diet (most common cause)

A

cretinism

65
Q

what causes physcial and mental retardation of neonates

A

cretinism (iodine deficiency or lacking thyroid gland)

66
Q

in cretinism, _______ growth is more inhibited than soft tissue growth (obese, stocky and short with large protruding tongue_

A

skeletal growth

67
Q

hypothyroidism oral manifestations

A

macroglossia
dysgeusia
delayed tooth eruption
poor wound healing (need vitamin A)
increased periodontal disease
salivary gland enlargement

68
Q
A

phys (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions