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phys > exam 2- general endocrinology > Flashcards

exam 2- general endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system compared to NS

A

slower but longer lasting

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2
Q

3 hormone functions

A
  1. maintenance of homeostasis (thyroid hormone, insulin, PTH, vasopressin, aldosterone)
  2. growth and differentiation (GH, TH)
  3. reproduction
    (LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
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3
Q

what are the specialized endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pineal
Thyroid
Adrenal

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4
Q

some organs contain endocrine cells that secret hormones:

A

hypothalamus (TRH, CRH)
skin
adipose tissue
thymus
heart
liver (insulin-like GF1)
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
kidney
gonads

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5
Q

classes of hormones:

A
  1. proteins and polypeptides
  2. steroids
  3. derivatives of tyrosine
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6
Q

what class is hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, pancreas

A

protein and polypeptide hormones

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7
Q
  1. protein and polypeptide hormones are first synthesized as ___________ which is then converted to the ___________.
A

preprohormone
prohormone

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8
Q

upon packing into vesicles in the endocrine cell, the prohormone is cleaved into the _______________ and _____ (gets removed) that are then secreted by the endocrine cell

A

active hormone and inactive fragments

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9
Q

steroid hormones are from:

A

adrenal cortex
ovaries
testes

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10
Q

steroid hormones are synthesized upon demand rather than

A

being stored

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11
Q

amine hormones are derived from the amino acid

A

tyrosine

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12
Q

amine hormones include

A

thyroid hormone and adrenal medullary neurohormones(EPI and NE)

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13
Q

these hormones are produced and then stored until secreted

A

amine hormones

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14
Q

thyroid hormones bind to the protein

A

thyroglobulin

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15
Q

with amine hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine are store in vesicles and released by

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

hormones released into circulation can circulate as either

A

freely or as binding proteins (bound to carrier proteins)

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17
Q

the free or unbound hormone is the

which binds to the specific hormone receptor

A

active form on the hormone

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18
Q

what majority circulate in their free form

A

amines, peptides, protein hormones

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19
Q

what hormones circulate bound to specific transport proteins?

A

steroid and thyroid

20
Q

thyroud hormone travels in the plasma bound to:

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Transthyretin (TTR), and albumin

21
Q

fluctuation in plasma hormone levels.

circadian rhythm levels of CORTISOL is highest when

A

highest in morning and low while sleeping

22
Q

fluctuation in plasma hormone levels.

growth hormone levels of pulsatile secretion, higher at

A

night

23
Q

the location of the hormone receptor depends on what properties of the hormone?

A

chemical
(lipophobic/lipophillic)

24
Q

ligand/receptor binding demonstrates

A

specificity, affinity, and saturation

25
Q

receptors than activate or inhibit existing proteins
located on plasma membrane and communicate with ecf and icf

A

plasma membrane receptors: polypeptide, protein, amine hormones

26
Q

receptors that communicate between cytoplasm and cell nucleus.
-nuclear receptors

A

nuclear receptors:
thyroid and steroid hormones

27
Q

list plasma membrane hormone receptors:

A

g-protein coupled
2. tyrosine kinase: insulin

28
Q

GsCR produce the second messanger

A

cAMP

29
Q

GqCR activate the second messangers:

A

IP3, DAG, Ca2+

30
Q

some receptors such as ____ and ___ hormone receptors are more widely distributed

A

insulin and thyroid receptors

31
Q

these receptors all act to increase or decrease gene expression

A

nuclear hormone receptors

32
Q

nuclear hormone receptors.

the hormone receptor complex binds to a hormone responsive element in the promoter region of a gene, which leads to either:

and this does what?

A

leads to either activation or repression of transcription

this forms new proteins

33
Q

what are the effects of combine hormone interactions?

A

antagonism- opposite
synergistic - greater response and greater than would be alone
permissiveness- need this to make response

34
Q

what hormone interaction is described

parathyroid increases plasma calcium levels; calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels

A

antagonism

35
Q

what hormone interaction is described

glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine all increase blood glucose more than the sum of their individual effects

A

synergistic

36
Q

what hormone interaction is described

thyroid hormone causes expression of B adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

permissiveness

37
Q

what hormones have other endocrine glands as their targets

A

tropic hormones

38
Q

regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.

  1. stimulus causes _______ to secrete TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) which acts on _________
  2. thyrotropic cells in ______ release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. TSH stimulates follicular cells of the ___________ to release thyroid hormone (TH aka T3 and T3)
  4. TH (T3 and T4) stimulates target cells to increase metabolic activities to target organs.
  5. this change is detected by ________ and secretion of TRH is inhibited. TH also blocks TRH receptors on ________ inhibiting TSH. both effects indirectly dampen TH production in _____
    ***causing negative feeedback!!!!
A
  1. hypothalamus
    anterior pituitary
  2. anterior pituitary
  3. thyroid gland
  4. hypothalamus
    on thyrotropic cells (in anterior pituitary)

in thyroid

39
Q

abnormality in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either Hypo- or Hyper-secretion.

A

primary disorders

40
Q

causes of hyper secretion:

A
  1. partial destruction of the gland
  2. dietary deficiency
  3. enzyme deficiency required for hormone synthesis
41
Q

a tumor in an endocrine gland can cause

A

primary hypersecretion

42
Q

abnormality in TROPIC hormone leading to either hypo or hypersecretion

A

secondary disorders

43
Q

a lack of sufficient tropic hormone leads to

A

secondary hyposecretion

44
Q

a tumor (either in endocrine gland that secrets tropic hormone or in non-endocrine tissue like lung can secrete hormones and cause

A

secondary hypersecretion

45
Q

endocrine pathology is one where the abnormality is in the endocrine organ secreting the hormone (ex. thyroid gland is either secreting too much or not enough TH)

A

primary

46
Q

endocrine pathology is where the abnormality is in one of the endocrine glands that secrete trophic hormones (ap or hypothalamus)

A

secondary

47
Q
A

phys (16 decks)

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