exam 2- general endocrinology

Question 1

endocrine system compared to NS

Answer 1

slower but longer lasting

Question 2

3 hormone functions

Answer 2

1. maintenance of homeostasis (thyroid hormone, insulin, PTH, vasopressin, aldosterone)
2. growth and differentiation (GH, TH)
3. reproduction
   (LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Question 3

what are the specialized endocrine glands

Answer 3

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pineal
Thyroid
Adrenal

Question 4

some organs contain endocrine cells that secret hormones:

Answer 4

hypothalamus (TRH, CRH)
skin
adipose tissue
thymus
heart
liver (insulin-like GF1)
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
kidney
gonads

Question 5

classes of hormones:

Answer 5

1. proteins and polypeptides
2. steroids
3. derivatives of tyrosine

Question 6

what class is hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, pancreas

Answer 6

protein and polypeptide hormones

Question 7

1. protein and polypeptide hormones are first synthesized as ___________ which is then converted to the ___________.

Answer 7

preprohormone
prohormone

Question 8

upon packing into vesicles in the endocrine cell, the prohormone is cleaved into the _______________ and _____ (gets removed) that are then secreted by the endocrine cell

Answer 8

active hormone and inactive fragments

Question 9

steroid hormones are from:

Answer 9

adrenal cortex
ovaries
testes

Question 10

steroid hormones are synthesized upon demand rather than

Answer 10

being stored

Question 11

amine hormones are derived from the amino acid

Answer 11

tyrosine

Question 12

amine hormones include

Answer 12

thyroid hormone and adrenal medullary neurohormones(EPI and NE)

Question 13

these hormones are produced and then stored until secreted

Answer 13

amine hormones

Question 14

thyroid hormones bind to the protein

Answer 14

thyroglobulin

Question 15

with amine hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine are store in vesicles and released by

Answer 15

exocytosis

Question 16

hormones released into circulation can circulate as either

Answer 16

freely or as binding proteins (bound to carrier proteins)

Question 17

the free or unbound hormone is the

which binds to the specific hormone receptor

Answer 17

active form on the hormone

Question 18

what majority circulate in their free form

Answer 18

amines, peptides, protein hormones

Question 19

what hormones circulate bound to specific transport proteins?

Answer 19

steroid and thyroid

Question 20

thyroud hormone travels in the plasma bound to:

Answer 20

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Transthyretin (TTR), and albumin

Question 21

fluctuation in plasma hormone levels.

circadian rhythm levels of CORTISOL is highest when

Answer 21

highest in morning and low while sleeping

Question 22

fluctuation in plasma hormone levels.

growth hormone levels of pulsatile secretion, higher at

Answer 22

night

Question 23

the location of the hormone receptor depends on what properties of the hormone?

Answer 23

chemical
(lipophobic/lipophillic)

Question 24

ligand/receptor binding demonstrates

Answer 24

specificity, affinity, and saturation

Question 25

receptors than activate or inhibit existing proteins located on plasma membrane and communicate with ecf and icf

Answer 25

plasma membrane receptors: polypeptide, protein, amine hormones

Question 26

receptors that communicate between cytoplasm and cell nucleus. -nuclear receptors

Answer 26

nuclear receptors: thyroid and steroid hormones

Question 27

list plasma membrane hormone receptors:

Answer 27

g-protein coupled 2. tyrosine kinase: insulin

Question 28

GsCR produce the second messanger

Answer 28

cAMP

Question 29

GqCR activate the second messangers:

Answer 29

IP3, DAG, Ca2+

Question 30

some receptors such as ____ and ___ hormone receptors are more widely distributed

Answer 30

insulin and thyroid receptors

Question 31

these receptors all act to increase or decrease gene expression

Answer 31

nuclear hormone receptors

Question 32

nuclear hormone receptors. the hormone receptor complex binds to a hormone responsive element in the promoter region of a gene, which leads to either: and this does what?

Answer 32

leads to either activation or repression of transcription this forms new proteins

Question 33

what are the effects of combine hormone interactions?

Answer 33

antagonism- opposite synergistic - greater response and greater than would be alone permissiveness- need this to make response

Question 34

what hormone interaction is described parathyroid increases plasma calcium levels; calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels

Answer 34

antagonism

Question 35

what hormone interaction is described glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine all increase blood glucose more than the sum of their individual effects

Answer 35

synergistic

Question 36

what hormone interaction is described thyroid hormone causes expression of B adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar smooth muscle

Answer 36

permissiveness

Question 37

what hormones have other endocrine glands as their targets

Answer 37

tropic hormones

Question 38

regulation of thyroid hormone secretion. 1. stimulus causes _______ to secrete TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) which acts on _________ 2. thyrotropic cells in ______ release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. TSH stimulates follicular cells of the ___________ to release thyroid hormone (TH aka T3 and T3) 4. TH (T3 and T4) stimulates target cells to increase metabolic activities to target organs. 5. this change is detected by ________ and secretion of TRH is inhibited. TH also blocks TRH receptors on ________ inhibiting TSH. both effects indirectly dampen TH production in _____ ***causing negative feeedback!!!!

Answer 38

1. hypothalamus anterior pituitary 2. anterior pituitary 3. thyroid gland 5. hypothalamus on thyrotropic cells (in anterior pituitary) in thyroid

Question 39

abnormality in the last endocrine organ secreting the hormone leading to either Hypo- or Hyper-secretion.

Answer 39

primary disorders

Question 40

causes of hyper secretion:

Answer 40

1. partial destruction of the gland 2. dietary deficiency 3. enzyme deficiency required for hormone synthesis

Question 41

a tumor in an endocrine gland can cause

Answer 41

primary hypersecretion

Question 42

abnormality in TROPIC hormone leading to either hypo or hypersecretion

Answer 42

secondary disorders

Question 43

a lack of sufficient tropic hormone leads to

Answer 43

secondary hyposecretion

Question 44

a tumor (either in endocrine gland that secrets tropic hormone or in non-endocrine tissue like lung can secrete hormones and cause

Answer 44

secondary hypersecretion

Question 45

endocrine pathology is one where the abnormality is in the endocrine organ secreting the hormone (ex. thyroid gland is either secreting too much or not enough TH)

Answer 45

primary

Question 46

endocrine pathology is where the abnormality is in one of the endocrine glands that secrete trophic hormones (ap or hypothalamus)

Answer 46

secondary