Exam 2 theory Flashcards
Basal and squamous cell carcinomas are rarely fatal, but ____ unfortunately often are.
malignant melanomas
Malignant Melanomas is
the most dangerous
___ is the largest system of the body.
-cutaneous membrane
-Accessory structures
The integument
Two component of the cutaneous membrane are
outer epidermis
Inner dermis
superficial epithelium( epithelial tissue)
outer epidermis
Inner dermis
connective tissues
Accessory structure are structures that__
Extend through the epidermis to the skin surface
Example of accessory structure
Hair
Nails
Multicellular exocrine glands
Nervous system
sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature
Cardiovascular system are ___
Blood vessels in the dermis
loose connective tissue
Below the dermis
location of hypodermic injections
Hypodermis( superficial fascia or Subcutaneous layer)
Function of the Skin 1
Protection of underlying tissues and organs ( innateDefense)
Production of melanin
Function of the Skin( Integumentary system)
Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
Production of Keratin
Function of the Skin 2
Maintenance of body temperature( Insulation and evaporation)
storage of lipids
Function of the Skin( Integumentary system)2
Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands).
Synthesis of vitamin D3- Kidney and livers
Detection of touch, pressure, pain and temperature
function of the skin
____avascular stratified Squamous epithelium.
The Epidermis
Keratinocytes
the most abundant cells in the epidermis
Thin skin
has four layers
thick skin has has five layers of Keratinocytes ( deep to superficial)
Stratum basale- (Deep)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum( superficial)
Is attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
Epidermal ridges (basis of fingerprint)
Stratum basale- (Deep)
Stratum basale- (Deep)
Melanocytes
Contain the pigment melanin
Scattered throughout stratum
Melanocytes
Contain the divided, increasing thickness of epithelium
Stratum spinosum- the spiny layer
Stratum Granulosum- the grainy layer
Stops dividing, starts producing.
A tough fibrous protein
Makes up hair and nails
Keratin
Cells of stratum granulosum
Produce protein fiber
found only in thick skin
covers stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum(clear layer)
Exposed surface of skin
Water resistant
Shed and replace every two weeks
Stratum corneum- the horn layer
Perspiration
now fluid is lost
Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the Stratum corneum is
Insensible perspiration
water excreted by sweat glands.
Dehydrated results.
sensible perspiration
From damage to the station corneum (e.g sea water).
From immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g sea water (osmosis)
Dehydrated results
Function of melanocytes
Melanin protects skin from damage.
Ultraviolet( uv) radiation
causes DNA mutation and burns that lead to cancer.
Ultraviolet( uv) radiation
oxygenated red blood contributes to
skin color
Bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygen.
Cyanosis
Build up of bile produced by liver
Yellow color
Jaundice
Epidermal cells produce cholecalcifero
Vitamin D3
Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
In presence of a UV radiation
The liver and kidneys convert Vitamin D3 into ___
calcitriol
The liver and kidneys convert Vitamin D3 into calcitriol which
Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Insufficient Vitamin D3 can cause
rickets
Located between epidermis and Subcutaneous layer
Anchors epidermal accessory structure
The Dermis
2 components of the dermis are
outer papillary layer
Deep reticular layer
consist of areolar tissue- loose connective
contains Smaller capillaries, lymphatic, and sensory neurons
The papillary layer
consists of dense irregular connective tissue.
contains layer of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
The reticular Layer
contains collagen and elastic fibers
contains connective tissue proper.
The reticular Layer
Dermal strength and Elasticity consists of two types of fiber.
Collagen fiber
Elastic fibers
very strong, resist stretching but bend easily
Provide flexibility
Collagen fiber
Permit stretching and recoil to original length
Limit the flexibility of collagen to prevent damage to tissue
Elastic fibers
Properties of flexibility and resilience
skin turgor
Example skin damage-dermis layer
sagging and wrinkles (reduce skin elasticity)
stretch marks-happens in dermal level
sagging and wrinkles (reduce skin elasticity) are caused by
Dehydration
Age
Hormonal changes
UV exposure
Thickened tissues resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to :
Pregnancy
weight gain
A parallel cut remains shut, heals well.
A cut across (right angle) pulls open and scars
Cleavage (tension) lines
Lies below the integument
Stabilize the skin
made of elastic areolar and adipose
The Hypodermis (subcutaneous Layer)
Sebaceous gland are
holocrine gland
Secrete sebum
Two types of sweat glands
Apocrine glands
eccrine
Apocrine glands are
armpit
nipples
groin
(break down causes odor )
widely distributed, especially palms and soles
watery Secretion
sensible perspiration
Eccrine (eccrine) glands
mammary glands
Produce milk
Produce cerumen (earwax)
Protect the eardrum
Ceruminous gland
Osteon
Look like a tree trunk
blood flows through
central canal (haversian)
Volklann’s canal
run sideway
Dark spot-lacunae cavity is where
cell lives( Osteocytes)
__ is located in lacuna
osteocytes-bone cell
the arrangement around the circumference.
concentric
