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Human Anatomy > exam 1 writing part > Flashcards

exam 1 writing part Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

Study of Structures.

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2
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of structure and features visible to the naked eye.

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3
Q

Types of gross anatomy.

A

l. Surface anatomy

ll. Regional anatomy

III. Systemic anatomy

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4
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of structures that can not be seen without magnification.

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5
Q

Two types of Microscopic anatomy.

A

1.Cytology- Study of cells.

2.Histology- study of tissues.

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6
Q

Four types of tissues

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Epithelium tissue

-Connective tissue

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7
Q

Specialise types of anatomy.

A

Clinical anatomy
Surgical anatomy
Radiographic anatomy
Cross-section anatomy

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8
Q

Clinical anatomy

A

Focus on pathological changes during illness

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9
Q

Studies anatomical landmarks important for ______procedures

A

Surgical anatomy

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10
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

perform on entire body to visualise and study anatomical structures.

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11
Q

advance in radiographic anatomy such as computerised tomography. eg- radiographic CT and CT Scans.

A

Cross-section anatomy

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12
Q

above, at higher level (in the human body, towards the head. e.g: the head is _ to the knee.

A

Superior

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Below, at a lower level; toward the feet

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14
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline (between your arm and waist.)

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15
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline.

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16
Q

toward an attached base. eg: the shoulder is _ to the wrist.(from shoulder to wrist)

A

Proximal

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17
Q

away from attached base. eg: the fingers are _ to the wrist.(fingers and wrist).

A

Distal

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18
Q

Toward the head. eg: the _ or _ border Of the pelvis is superior to the thigh.

A

Cranial or Cephalic

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19
Q

Posterior

A

the back; behind

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20
Q

the back (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body).

A

Dorsal

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21
Q

Scapular (shoulder blade) is ____

A

located posterior to the rib cage.

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22
Q

Anterior

A

the front, before.

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23
Q

_____ is abdominal side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)

A

Ventral

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24
Q

Levels of organisation of cells

A

Atoms-H+ o- >molecules - H2O >macromolecule-c6H2O6 >Organelles - ribosomes >Cells- muscle >Tissue- muscle >Organs- stomach >System- digestion>Organism

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25
Q

Cell theory

A

Smallest units of life.

cells give rise cells.

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26
Q

chromatin

A

thread like, found in nondividing cells

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27
Q

Chromosomes/chromatids

A

found in dividing cells

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28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

round in the liver (breaks hydrogen peroxide to water)

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29
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microtubules/microfilament

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30
Q

Cytosol

A

Matrix material inside of the cell.

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31
Q

2 types of cell division

A

mitosis

meiosis

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32
Q

Mitosis

A

make exact copies of the cell.

Growth

Repair

replacement

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33
Q

do not appear in mitosis as there is no crossover event.

A

Tetrads

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34
Q

Mitosis starts from

A

22 to 2 cells>22 ends.2n-2n

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35
Q

Mitosis in human starts at

A

23 and end at 46

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36
Q

Meiosis

A
  • reduces chromosome number from 2n-n.
  • help renew the original number to 26.

_ starts at 46-23

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37
Q

is the foursome during meiosis made by 2 homologous Chromosomes/ that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

A

Tetrads

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38
Q

Sister Chromatids-

A

Pair of identical copies of DNA, joined at a point

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39
Q

centromere

A

point where chromosomes are attached to each other

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40
Q

____ is one of the two chromatids of paired homologous chromosomes

A

Non sister chromatids

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41
Q

one pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, loci, chromosome length and centromere location is ___

A

Homologous chromosomes

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42
Q

During GO stage ___

A

Cells no longer make new copies. eg: nerve cell.

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43
Q

Interphase

A

long phase of cell division.

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44
Q

stages in Interphase

A

G1

G2

S Phase ( DNA replication, makes copy of chromosomes).

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45
Q

___happens in plants (cell plate) and in animal cell (furrow).

A

Cytoskeleton

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46
Q

Stages in mitosis

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokines

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47
Q

Interphase

A

nucleolus

nuclear membrane

Chromatin

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48
Q

Prophase

A

no nucleolus

no nuclear membrane

can see chromosomes

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49
Q

Metaphase

A

duplicated chromosomes align at equator.

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50
Q

duplicated chromosomes are now seperated into individual chromosomes.

A

Anaphase

51
Q

Telophase

A

furrow forms.

Nucleus begins to reform

52
Q

Cytoskeleton—

A

2 identical cells.

53
Q

G-phase

A

Increase in enzyme activities and organelles

54
Q

polar molecules

A

have a hard time getting in the cell

55
Q

Non-polar

A

gets into the cell easily.

56
Q

Glyco

A

carbohydrates entitled to protein or lipids.

57
Q

Glycoprotein/glycolipids are an

A

important protein part of the cell.

58
Q

equires not energy.

molecules move down the concentration gradient.

Do not need ATP.

down the concentration gradient -( facilitated).

A

Passive process

59
Q

energy required.

movement of things in and out of the cell. (passive active process).

can be direct or indirect.

up the concentration gradient.

A

Active process

60
Q

Lipid soluble material

A

non-polar

61
Q

if nonpolar it moves through cell easily in diffusion.

A

Passive transport

62
Q

water moves through membrane through ___

A

aquaporins(passive process)

63
Q

In___direction follows the concentration gradient.
No protein helping

A

Simple diffusion

64
Q

solutes are passively transported across a plasmalemma by carrier protein. no protein helping.

A

Facilitated diffusion

65
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Eg, amino acids.

A

Osmosis

66
Q

requires no energy.

molecules move down the concentration gradient.

Do not need ATP.

down the concentration gradient -( facilitated).

A

Passive process

67
Q

Lipid soluble material

A

non-polar.

68
Q

In Passive transport- if nonpolar it moves through it easily in diffusion, water moves through membrane through

A

aquaporins

69
Q

movement of molecules form an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

70
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference between high and low concentration.

71
Q

Factors affecting rate in diffusion

A

Size
Charge
Lipid solubility of the diffuse molecule
Presence of membrane channel protein
Temperature

72
Q

Substance involved in diffusion

A

Gases
Small inorganic ions and molecules
Lipid-soluble materials

73
Q

factors affecting rate in osmosis

A

size of the solute concentration gradient: opposing pressure

74
Q

Factors affecting rate in facilitated diffusion

A

Temperature
Charge
Size
Solubility of the solute
Availability of carrier protein

75
Q

Substance involved facilated diffusion

A

Glucose

amino acids.

76
Q

___ is carrier proteins that move one solute in one direction and another solute in the opposite direction.

A

Exchange pump

77
Q

Factors affecting rate active transport

A

availability of carrier protein.

Solutes

ATP

78
Q

Substance involvedactive transport

A

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium( all cells)

79
Q

packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for importation into the cell.

A

Endocytosis

80
Q

In pinocytosis ____ vesicles form at the plasmalemma and bring extracellular fluid and small molecules into the cell.

A

Cell drinking

81
Q

Factors affecting rate in pinocytosi

A

stimulus and mechanism not understood

82
Q

Substance involved in pinocytosis

A

Extracellular fluid and its associated solute.

83
Q

In Phagocytosis ____ vesicles form at the plasmalemma to bring solid particles into the cell.

A

cell eating

84
Q

Factors affecting rate in phagocytosis

A

presence and abundance of extracellular pathogens or debris

85
Q

Substance involved in phagocytosis

A

bacteria

viruses

cell debris

86
Q

In Receptor-mediated endocytosis _____is target molecules bind to specific receptor protein on the surface, triggering vesicles formation

A

Endocytosis

87
Q

number of receptors, the plasmalemma and the concentration of the target cell ( called Ligands)

A

Factors affecting rate endocytosis

88
Q

substance involvedin endocytosis

A

cholesterol and iron ions.

89
Q

The release of fluids and / or solids from cells when intracellular vesicles fuse with plasmalemma.

A

Exocytosis:

90
Q

stimuli mechanism incompletely understood,requires ATP and calcium and calcium

A

factors affecting rate of exocytosis

91
Q

extracellular waste

secretory products are released by Some cell.

A

substance involved in exocytosis

92
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

lining surfaces

Expose to the outside. E.g skin, stomach, urethra

93
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

94
Q

single layer of thin flattened cell.

A

Squamous

95
Q

single layer of cuboid shape cell

A

Cuboidal

96
Q

composed of epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surface

A

Columnar

97
Q

Under Mesenchyme we have

A

connective tissue proper
spicialized or supporting connective
fluid connective

98
Q

connective tissue proper

A

loose more grounds substance
dense

99
Q

specialized/supporting connective

A

cartilage which give rise to bone

100
Q

fluid connective

A

blood lymph

101
Q

loose more ground substance

A

areolar
adipose
recticular

102
Q

dense

A

regular
irregular
elastic

103
Q

cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

104
Q

bones

A

compact
spongy

105
Q

embroyonic tissue which gives rise to all connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme

106
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal (involuntary)
cardiac (voluntary)
smooth (voluntary)

107
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscles are___ and smooth muscle is____

A

striated
spindle shaped cell (not striated)

108
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Neurons: function unit of the nervous tissue

Neuroglia:

109
Q

Skeletal system

A

Blood formation

Supports and protects tissues

Stores minerals.

110
Q

Direct long changes in the activities of other organs system
E.g hormones

A

Endocrine system

111
Q

nervous/endocrine system control

A

homeostasis

112
Q

Muscular system

A

Provide movement and support to generate heat.

113
Q

Directs immediate responses to stimuli

Usually by coordinating the activities of other organs

A

nervous system

114
Q

Distribute cells and dissolved materials including

Nutrients

Waste

Gases

A

Cardiovascular system

115
Q

Defend against infections and diseases

A

Lymphatic system

116
Q

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood

A

Respiratory system

117
Q

Process foods and absorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.

A

Digestive system

118
Q

Provides protection from injury and fluid loss

Provides physical defence against infection by microorganism

Involved in temperature control

A

Integumentary system

119
Q

Produce gametes, sex cells and sex hormones

Produces offspring

A

Reproductive system

120
Q

Removes excess water,salt, and waste products from the blood and body

Controls pH

A

Urinary system

121
Q

Defends against microbial pathogens, disease causing agents and other diseases.

A

Immune system

122
Q

Simple epithelial tissue

A

Has only one cell layer

123
Q

Stratified epithelial tissue

A

Has two or more layer piled up on each other

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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