Exam 2: Textbook Review Questions

Question 1

Which act, in 1974, established a commission for the protection of human subjects? What are institutions now required to do because of this act?

Answer 1

National ________ Act

Institutions are now required to set up an IRB to determine the IRB in research with existing regulations.

Question 2

What type of rationale pertains to one of the two issues of major concern in the deliberations of an IRB committee? What is another issue of major concern in the deliberation of an IRB committee?

Answer 2

1. Risk/benefit rationale

2. Informed consent

Question 3

____________ reliability refers to the consistency of judgments within the same observer, based on measurements made at different points in time.

Answer 3

Intraobserver reliability

Question 4

__________ reliability refers to the consistency of judgments refers to the consistency of judgments between two or more observers based on measurements made at the same point in time.

Answer 4

Interobserver reliability

Question 5

A _______ ________ is often used in conjunction with a series of statements each followed by a number of alternative responses such as “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” disagree,” “strongly disagree.” Scaling techniques of this kind allow a researcher to assess the _______ ___ __________ in the strength of people’s attitudes or opinions in numerical terms.

Answer 5

1. Likert scale

2. Range of variation

Question 6

Attention must also be paid to the _______ and ______ of the questionnaire used in a survey to avoid boredom, keep respondents’ demographic information confidential, and maximize response rate. Another design strategy for maximizing response rate is by the use of ______________ ___________ that allow respondents who complete the Questionare out of all possible respondents.

Answer 6

1. Structure
2. Design
3. Contingency questions

Question 7

Two major data-gathering methods are _________ interviews and __________ interviews. The research goal of an interview can best be met by the use of an interview __________ that contains explicit instructions to guide the interviewer in asking respondents a list of questions designed to obtain complete and honest answers.

Answer 7

1. personal
2. telephone
3. schedule

Question 8

If measurements are made on a number of individuals, they can be said to constitute a _____________ group provided there is little __________ among scores.

Answer 8

1. Homogenous

2. variability

Question 9

The most practical use of the standard deviation can be observed in relation to what is called a _________ __________ curve that has a characteristic bell ______.

Answer 9

1. normal distribution

2. shape

Question 10

A percentile rank is a number on a particular measurement scale ___ or _____ which a given _____ of the remaining distribution of scores can be found.

Answer 10

1. at
2. below
3. percentage

Question 11

The normal distribution curve is ___________ around the center, and the entire area under the curve is _______.

Answer 11

1. symmetrical

2. 100%

Question 12

Clinically speaking, the term probability is akin to the term _________.

Answer 12

Prognosis

Question 13

Quantities used to describe characteristics of populations are termed ________. On the other hand, quantiies derived from samples that are used in estimating population parameters are called ________.

Answer 13

1. Parameters

2. Statistics

Question 14

Relatively small _______ values such as p < / equal to .001 are interpreted with ________ confidence than are larger alpha values such as p / equal to .05.

Answer 14

1. alpha

2. greater

Question 15

The statistical meaning of significance pertains to the ________ that an observed result is truly the consequence of a __________ influence under investigation.

Answer 15

1. Probability

2. Systematic

Question 16

A type I error, denoted by alpha, is a result of ___________ the null hypothesis when it is ______.

Answer 16

1. rejecting

2. true

Question 17

A type II error, denoted by beta, is the consequence of __________ the null hypothesis when it is ________.

Answer 17

1. retaining

2. false

Question 18

In most cases, researchers are more concerned about making type I errors because they are the ones that primarily determine the _______ of a statistical test.

Answer 18

1. Power

Question 19

The two major categories of statistics are commonly identified as _________ and ________ techniques. _________ statistics are used for classifying, organizing, and summarizing a particular data set.

Answer 19

1. descriptive
2. inferential
3. Descriptive

Question 20

Observations that can only be named and counted are _______ data. Such data are sometimes described as __________ “either/or” judgments about the _________ _____ ___________ of a particular quality.

Answer 20

1. nominal
2. dichotomous
3. presence or absence

Question 21

Unlike the nominal scale, _______ measurement involves the _______ or logical ________ of data categories.

Answer 21

1. ordinal
2. ranking
3. ordering

Question 22

A _________ scale not only allows numbers to be classified, ordered, and linearly specified at equal intervals but also contains an _______ zero point.

Answer 22

1. ratio

2. absolute