Exam 2: Textbook Review Questions Flashcards
Which act, in 1974, established a commission for the protection of human subjects? What are institutions now required to do because of this act?
National ________ Act
Institutions are now required to set up an IRB to determine the IRB in research with existing regulations.
What type of rationale pertains to one of the two issues of major concern in the deliberations of an IRB committee? What is another issue of major concern in the deliberation of an IRB committee?
- Risk/benefit rationale
2. Informed consent
____________ reliability refers to the consistency of judgments within the same observer, based on measurements made at different points in time.
Intraobserver reliability
__________ reliability refers to the consistency of judgments refers to the consistency of judgments between two or more observers based on measurements made at the same point in time.
Interobserver reliability
A _______ ________ is often used in conjunction with a series of statements each followed by a number of alternative responses such as “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” disagree,” “strongly disagree.” Scaling techniques of this kind allow a researcher to assess the _______ ___ __________ in the strength of people’s attitudes or opinions in numerical terms.
- Likert scale
2. Range of variation
Attention must also be paid to the _______ and ______ of the questionnaire used in a survey to avoid boredom, keep respondents’ demographic information confidential, and maximize response rate. Another design strategy for maximizing response rate is by the use of ______________ ___________ that allow respondents who complete the Questionare out of all possible respondents.
- Structure
- Design
- Contingency questions
Two major data-gathering methods are _________ interviews and __________ interviews. The research goal of an interview can best be met by the use of an interview __________ that contains explicit instructions to guide the interviewer in asking respondents a list of questions designed to obtain complete and honest answers.
- personal
- telephone
- schedule
If measurements are made on a number of individuals, they can be said to constitute a _____________ group provided there is little __________ among scores.
- Homogenous
2. variability
The most practical use of the standard deviation can be observed in relation to what is called a _________ __________ curve that has a characteristic bell ______.
- normal distribution
2. shape
A percentile rank is a number on a particular measurement scale ___ or _____ which a given _____ of the remaining distribution of scores can be found.
- at
- below
- percentage
The normal distribution curve is ___________ around the center, and the entire area under the curve is _______.
- symmetrical
2. 100%
Clinically speaking, the term probability is akin to the term _________.
Prognosis
Quantities used to describe characteristics of populations are termed ________. On the other hand, quantiies derived from samples that are used in estimating population parameters are called ________.
- Parameters
2. Statistics
Relatively small _______ values such as p < / equal to .001 are interpreted with ________ confidence than are larger alpha values such as p / equal to .05.
- alpha
2. greater
The statistical meaning of significance pertains to the ________ that an observed result is truly the consequence of a __________ influence under investigation.
- Probability
2. Systematic
A type I error, denoted by alpha, is a result of ___________ the null hypothesis when it is ______.
- rejecting
2. true
A type II error, denoted by beta, is the consequence of __________ the null hypothesis when it is ________.
- retaining
2. false
In most cases, researchers are more concerned about making type I errors because they are the ones that primarily determine the _______ of a statistical test.
- Power
The two major categories of statistics are commonly identified as _________ and ________ techniques. _________ statistics are used for classifying, organizing, and summarizing a particular data set.
- descriptive
- inferential
- Descriptive
Observations that can only be named and counted are _______ data. Such data are sometimes described as __________ “either/or” judgments about the _________ _____ ___________ of a particular quality.
- nominal
- dichotomous
- presence or absence
Unlike the nominal scale, _______ measurement involves the _______ or logical ________ of data categories.
- ordinal
- ranking
- ordering
A _________ scale not only allows numbers to be classified, ordered, and linearly specified at equal intervals but also contains an _______ zero point.
- ratio
2. absolute
