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Intro To Neuroscience > Exam 2 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Picks up sound waves in the environment

A

Outer ear

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2
Q

Convey and amplify sound waves

A

Middle ear

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3
Q

Translate sound waves into nerve impulses

A

Inner ear

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4
Q

Psychological aspect of sound related to magnitude

A

Loudness

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5
Q

Psychological aspect of sound related to fundamental frequency

A

Pitch

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6
Q

Magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

A

Amplitude

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7
Q

Number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats

A

Frequency

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8
Q

Denoting a substance that stimulates the growth of microorganisms, especially those with beneficial properties (such as those of the intestinal flora)

A

Probiotic

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9
Q

Frontal lobe area specialized in the production of language

A

Broca’s Area

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10
Q

Temporal lobe area that mediates language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s Area

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11
Q

Difficulty comprehending language due to damage to these areas (or others)

A

Aphasia

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12
Q

Inability to name objects

A

Agnosia

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13
Q

Ordered projection of axons from one region of the nervous system to another, by which the organization of the body (or some function) is reflected in the organization of the nervous system

A

Map

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14
Q

Topographic mapping of frequency across the surface of a structure, which originates in the cochlea and is preserved in ascending auditory structures

A

Tonotopic map

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15
Q

Cortical or subcortical arrangements of sensory pathways that reflect the organization of the body

A

Somatotopic map

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16
Q

Two dimensional representation of the retinal image in the neurons of the primary visual cortex

A

Retinotopic map

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17
Q

Part of the temporal lobe involved in consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories (cortex)

A

Hippocampus

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18
Q

Integral membrane proteins possessing pores that allow certain ions to diffuse across cell membranes, thereby conferring selective ionic permeability

A

Ion channel

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19
Q

Electrical signal conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system

A

Action potential

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20
Q

Atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

A

Ion

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21
Q

Acquisition of novel behavior through experience

A

Learning

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22
Q

Faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

A

Memory

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23
Q

Strengthening or weakening of synapses

A

Molecular basis of memory

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24
Q

Altering the interconnections between neurons

A

Cellular basis of memory

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25
Q

A swelling specialized for the release of neurotransmitter that occurs at the end (or along) an axon – pre-synaptic (before the synaptic cleft)
- Also known as an axon terminal or terminal boutons

A

Synaptic bouton

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26
Q

Proteins on the post-synaptic membrane that sense the neurotransmitter

A

Receptors

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27
Q

Receptors in which the ion channel is an integral part of the receptor molecule (as of course is the ligand binding site)
- Ionotropic receptors are also called ligand gated ion channels

A

Ionotropic receptor

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28
Q

Large group of neurotransmitter receptors that combine receptor and ion channel functions into a single molecule
- Presence of the ligand allows ion flow – “gating” (controlling the passage of)

A

Ligand gated ion channel

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29
Q

Molecule that binds to another (usually large) molecule

A

Ligand

30
Q

Receptors in which the ligand binding site is an integral part of the receptor molecule but the receptor is only indirectly linked to an ion channel

  • Also known as G-protein-coupled receptors – the intracellular signaling pathways use G-proteins
  • Also known as 7 transmembrane receptors
A

Metabotropic receptor

31
Q

Direct effect on ion flow, effects fast and brief

  • Ions flow through the receptor
  • Most fast receptors are of this type
A

Ionotropic

32
Q

Indirect effects on ion flow; conformational change transmits information across the membrane

  • Often involve biochemical cascades that can affect many processes
  • Can be longer lasting
A

Metabotropic

33
Q

Allows ion flow in response to membrane depolarization

A

Voltage sensitive sodium channel

34
Q

Periodic gaps in the myelin of axons where action potentials are generated

A

Node of Ranvier

35
Q

Mechanism of action potential propagation in myelinated axons
- So named because action potentials “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next due to generation of action potentials only at these sites

A

Saltatory conduction

36
Q

Influx of Ca++ at synapse causes vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter

A

Voltage Gated Ca++ channel

37
Q

Substance that binds to a receptor and activates it

A

Agonist

38
Q

Substance that binds to a receptor and prevents its activation

A

Antagonist

39
Q

Neurotransmitter typically binds to an ionotropic receptor on the post-synaptic membrane activating a single neuron

  • Glutamate is a key example in the brain
  • Glutamate synapses can be readily strengthened or weakened
  • Acetylcholine is used at the neuromuscular junction
A

Fast excitatory

40
Q

Rapidly inhibit target neurons via ion channels

  • GABA is the main brain inhibitor, glycine in the spinal cord
  • Sedatives typically enhance GABA signaling
A

Fast inhibitory

41
Q

Typically small proteins acting via GPCRs that change neural activity for longer periods, often in multiple neurons
- Dopamine, serotonin, epinephine (adrenaline)

A

Slow neuromodulators

42
Q

Electrical difference across the cell membrane of -70 milli Volts that results from the action of the Na+/K+ pump
- The cell is polarized: there is an electrical difference across the cell membrane

A

Resting Potential

43
Q

Displacement of the cell’s membrane potential to a less negative value

A

Depolarization

44
Q

Displacement of the cell’s membrane potential to a more negative value

A

Hyperpolarization

45
Q

Activation by ligand binding such as a neurotransmitter allows ion flow across the membrane

A

Ligand gated channel

46
Q

Activated by changes in membrane potential allowing ion flow across the membrane

A

Voltage gated channel

47
Q

Swelling at the junction of the neuronal cell body (soma) and the start of the axon
- Starting point for action potentials

A

Axon hillock

48
Q

1) Self regenerating
2) All or none change in voltage
3) Propagates from axon hillock (cell body)
4) Induces synaptic transmission

A

Action potential characteristics

49
Q

Depolarizes target neuron

- Glutamate allows Na+ and Ca++ influx

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

50
Q

Hyperpolarizes target neuron

- GABA allows Cl- ion influx

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

51
Q

Away from the synapse

A

Diffusion

52
Q

Neurotransmitter re-enters presynaptic axon terminal

- Enzymatic destruction inside terminal cytosol or synaptic cleft

A

Reuptake

53
Q

Alkaloid neurotoxin, produced by certain puffer fish, tropical frogs, and salamanders, that selectively blocks voltage-sensitive Na+ channels

A

Tetrodotoxin

54
Q

Small molecule excitatory neurotransmitter that acts at motor neuron synapses
- Also acts in the autonomic nervous system (unconscious functions such as breathing, digestion) and modulates synapses in the brain (important in Alzheimer’s disease)

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

55
Q

Amino acid that is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

56
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (technically an amino acid)

A

GABA

57
Q

Cell death resulting from the toxic actions of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate

  • Progression of hyperexcitability, excitotoxicity, cell death
  • Elevated calcium levels trigger cell death enzymes
A

Excitotoxicity

58
Q

Support cells associated with neurons, providing support and protection

A

Glia

59
Q

Star shaped glial cell, closely associated with neuronal synapses, which regulates the ionic environment of the neurons and sometimes neurotransmitter reuptake
- Most abundant cells of the human brain

A

Astrocyte

60
Q

Glial cell in the central nervous system that elaborates myelin

A

Oligodendrocyte

61
Q

Glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that elaborates myelin

A

Schwann cell

62
Q

Glia cell concerned primarily with repairing damage following neural injury
- Macrophages – immune cells responsible for engulfing foreign particles and cellular debris including dead cells

A

Microglia

63
Q

Method in which the combination of genetic manipulation and optical stimulation can be used to elicit either gain or loss of function events in specific cells
- Expression of algal ion channels that are activated by specific wavelengths of light – can depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons

A

Optogenetics

64
Q

Genetically encoded Calcium indicator that emits (green) fluorescent light when calcium is present
- Indicates synaptic activity in living organisms

A

GCaMP

65
Q

Study of the electrical properties of neurons (and cells in general)

A

Electrophysiology

66
Q

Measures action potentials, tip located near the cell

- Can be used to stimulate the neuron by passing current

A

Extracellular electrode

67
Q

Record electrical activity inside the cell

A

Intracellular electrode

68
Q

Maintains the voltage at a given level allowing the ionic current flow across the membrane to be measured
- Important as voltage sensitive channels are only open at certain voltages

A

Voltage clamp

69
Q

Control the current flow to allow measurement of the membrane potential (voltage)
- Can stimulate action potentials by passing current

A

Current clamp

70
Q

Extraordinarily sensitive voltage clamp method that permits the measurement of ionic currents flowing through individual ion channels

A

Patch clamp

71
Q

Wave of activation (depolarization) followed by inactivation

- Causes release of substances that irritates pain neurons

A

One theory of migraines

Intro To Neuroscience (4 decks)

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