Exam 2 Terms

Question 1

Phospholipid

Answer 1

A type of liquid forming the cell membrane made of a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. Forms the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 2

Solute

Answer 2

Dissolved substance

Question 3

Solution

Answer 3

Mixture of solutes dissolved in solvent (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic)

Question 4

Polar molecule

Answer 4

A molecule in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms, causing a partial negative charge and partial positive . Water is the best example

Question 5

Non-polar

Answer 5

Nearly the same as hydrophobic, with the exception of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Means molecules that do not have an uneven distribution of electrical charge. Atoms share electrons equally, meaning no distinct positive or negative charges.

Question 6

Hydrophobic

Answer 6

Water fearing. Composed of non polar bonds, especially carbon hydrogen bonds, causing them to repel water

Question 7

Hydrophilic

Answer 7

Water loving. Contains polar groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water.

Question 8

Polymer

Answer 8

Long molecule consisting of similar building blocks called monomers. 3 of the 4 classes of life’s macromolecules are polymers: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 9

Monomer

Answer 9

Small molecular unit that is the building block of larger molecules called polymers. Examples are amino acids, which are protein monomers. And glucose, which can form starch or cellulose.

Question 10

Disaccharide

Answer 10

Type of carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined together by dehydration. Sucrose is an example (glucose with fructose)

Question 11

Polysaccharide

Answer 11

Type of carbohydrate composed of monosaccharides joined together. Whereas disaccharides are only two sugars, polysaccharides are much larger and are arranged in a linear or branched way. Starch and cellulose.

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

Complex polysaccharide that serves as energy storage.

Question 13

Cellulose

Answer 13

Complex polysaccharide that is a structural component of plant, algae, and some bacterial cell walls.

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Organic molecules that are insoluble in water. There are 3 main types: fats (long-term energy storage), phospholipids (necessary for cellular structure as they make up the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane), and steroids (necessary for hormonal regulation). They are hydrophobic and non polar, and mostly constructed of C-H bonds.

Question 15

Peptide bond

Answer 15

A type of covalent bond linking amino acids together into proteins.

Question 16

Amino acids

Answer 16

Are the monomers making up proteins, the building blocks. Composed of carboxyl group, (-COOH), amino group (-NH2), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) all attached to central carbon

Question 17

Proteins

Answer 17

Large, complex molecules made of amino acids, one of the 4 macromolecules of life. Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement

Question 18

Selective permeability

Answer 18

Biological membrane property that allows only certain substances to pass through the membrane while restricting others. Phospholipid bilayers!

Question 19

Concentration gradient

Answer 19

When there is a difference in concentration of solutes between two adjacent regions ( high concentration vs low)

Question 20

Transport proteins

Answer 20

Specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane phospholipid bilayer. Some help with passive transport (facilitated diffusion) and others help with active transport