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Pathology I > Exam 2 Terminology > Flashcards

Exam 2 Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Define effusion

A

An escape of fluid into tissues or a structure

E.g. movement of fluids from BV into tissue spaces or compartments

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2
Q

Define transudate

A

Ultrafiltrate of blood — a protein-poor fluid consisting of water and electrolytes

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3
Q

Define exudate

A

Protein-containing fluids that result from permeable vessels

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4
Q

Define ascites

A

Excess peritoneal fluids. AKA “Hydroperitoneum”

Cause: chronic liver disease

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5
Q

Define hydrothorax

A

Pleural effusion

Cause: “left side” heart failure

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6
Q

Define anasarca

A

Severe generalized edema

Causes incl: chronic congestive heart failure and renal disease

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7
Q

Define “pitting” edema

A

Subcutaneous edema: applying pressure to the skin drives fluid out and, upon pressure removal, leaves a thumb print dimple

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8
Q

Define dependent edema

A

Fluids collect in “dependent region” of body

E.g. ankle edema

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9
Q

Define hyperemia

A

Localized excess of blood, engoregment

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10
Q

Define “active” hyperemia

A

Physiologic (vasomotor) responses that contribute to increased arterial flow

Causes include: exercise, acute inflammation, temperature regulation, cutaneous blushing and responses to temp interruption of blood supply

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11
Q

Define “passive” hyperemia

A

Associated with restricted venous drainage and decreased outflow of blood from affected region. AKA congestion.

Causes: heart failure, venous obstruction, etc.

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12
Q

Define hemorrhage

A

Discharge of blood from vessels into surrounding tissues. AKA extravasation of blood

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13
Q

Define vasculitis

A

Inflammation of BV due to infection or hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Define petechiae

A

Small, pin-point hemorrhages

1-2 mm

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15
Q

Define purpura

A

Slightly larger hemorrhagic patches

3-5 mm

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16
Q

Define ecchymosis

A

Larger hemorrhagic patches (bruise)

1-2 cm or larger

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17
Q

Define hematoma

A

Collection of blood

Blood accumulates in tissues and creates a “mass” and sometimes adjacent structures are compressed

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18
Q

What are hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, hemopericardium

A

Bleeding into cavities

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19
Q

Define hemarthrosis

A

Bleeding into joint space

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20
Q

Define hemoptysis

A

Respiratory bleeding

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21
Q

Define hematemesis

A

Bloody vomit

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22
Q

Define melena

A

Dark stool due to degraded blood pigment

Cause: Bleeding in upper-mid GI tract

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23
Q

Define heatochezia

A

“Bright blood” present in stool

Cause: Bleeding in lower colon, rectum and anal regions

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24
Q

What causes dark blood stool and what causes bright blood stool?

A 
Dark = melena
Bright = hematochezia
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25
Q

What are thrombi and emboli

A

Common causes of vascular obstruction

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26
Q

Define hemostasis

A

Closely regulated processes that maint blood in fluid state under normal conditions and provide rapid formation of localized hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury

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27
Q

Define thrombosis

A

Pathological process that leads to formation of thrombi within the lumen of BC or heart chambers in a living organism

E.g. arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis and DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

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28
Q

Define blood clothes

A

Coagulation of blood “everywhere else”

NOT arteries or veins

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29
Q

Platelets are also called

A

Thrombocytes

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30
Q

Define infarcts

A

Disruption of blood supply leads to hypoxia and death of affected tissue

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31
Q

Types of infarcts

A

Red & White

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32
Q

What is red infarct?

A

Hemorrhagic: blood seeps into infarct site as BV break down

E.g. venous obstruction

33
Q

What is white infarct?

A

Common in arterial obstruction of solid organs. AKA anemic or pale infarct

E.g. heart, kidney, spleen

34
Q

Define shock

A

Inadequate perfusion of tissues by blood

35
Q

Define hypovolemic shock

A

Fluid loss

Causes: dehydration

36
Q

Define cardiogenic shock

A

Heart fails as a pump

Cause: fibrillation, valve rupture, cardiac tamponade, large pulmonary embolus

37
Q

Define peripheral pooling shock

A

Loss of vasomotor tone (vasodilation) and pooling of blood (venous return drops and diminishes CO)

38
Q

3 types of peripheral pooling shock:

A

Neurogenic
Septic
Anaphylactic

39
Q

Define neurogenic shock

A

Distributive shock following severe pain, “deep anesthesia,” brain or cord trauma

41
Q

Define vasovagal syncope

A

Fainting, associated with neurogenic peripheral pooling shock

42
Q

Define septic shock

A

Associated with Endotoxin producing bacterial infections (G-organisms)

43
Q

Define anaphylactic shock

A

Antibodies (Ig) are formed that react with antigen during sensitization. IgE are affixed to mast cells which causes release of histamine and other reactive agents when re-exposed to sensitizing antigen

44
Q

Define neoplasm

A

“New growth” — abnormal mass of cells produced by excessive growth of new tissue

45
Q

Define tumor

A

“Swelling” — term used in reference to neoplasms usually

E.g. benign and malignant tumors

46
Q

Define “oncos”

A

Tumor

47
Q

Define oncology

A

A study of the science of neoplasms including etiology and pathogenesis

48
Q

Define “kancrum”

A

Crab

Due to irregular shape

49
Q

Define hamartoma

A

Benign tumor-like mass consisting of an overgrowth of differentiated cells and tissues that are normally present in the affected location

50
Q

Define sarcoma

A

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (supporting) tissues

51
Q

“Sarco” is Greek for

A

Flesh

52
Q

Define teratoma

A

Derived from germ cells or other cells and consists of mixed tissue types derived from any or all of the embryonic germ layers

53
Q

Define pluripotentials

A

Stem-cell

54
Q

Totipotential vs pleuripotential origin

A

Totipotential: give rise to mixture of tissues from any or all of the embryonic germ layers

Pleuripotential: give rise to more than one neoplasticism cell type derived from a single embryonic germ cell layer or precursor (stem) cell

55
Q

Define benign

A

“Well differentiated” tumors. Slow growth

56
Q

Do benign tumors metastasize?

A

No

57
Q

Define malignant tumor

A

Cells that differ from parent tissue morphologically and functionally

58
Q

Define metastases

A

Development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

59
Q

Common secondary malignant growth centers

A

Lymph nodes, organs, skeleton

60
Q

There are biochemical changes in malignant tumor cells but no _____________ for cancer demonstrated

A

Specific “hallmark”

61
Q

Uncommon sites (2) for metastasis?

A

Spleen and striated muscle

62
Q

Types of osseous metastasis (2)

A

Osteopathic (radiolucent) and osteoblastic (sclerotic)

63
Q

What kind of osseous metastasis is seen in skeletal matastases of prostate cancer and 30% breast cancer?

A

osteoplastic

64
Q

Most “popular” types of cancer for males/females?

A

Prostate / breast
Lung *same
Lower GI *same

65
Q

Most deadly types of cancer for males/females?

A

Lung
Prostate/breast
Lower GI

66
Q

Environmental factors implicated in what % of cancer?

A

80-90%

67
Q

Define leukoplakia

A

White plaques

68
Q

Define strophic gastritis

A

Mucosal atrophy

69
Q

Define carcinogenesis

A

Molecular basis of cancer

70
Q

What is cell cycle time?

A

Time required for progression of cells from one mitotic cycle to the next

71
Q

What is growth fraction (GF)?

A

Proportion of mitotically active cells

72
Q

Define doubling times

A

The time required to double the “tumor volume”

73
Q

Define polycyclic

A

Aromatic

74
Q

What are polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

Coal tars, combustion products

E.g. soot, cigarette smoke products, broiled or charred food

75
Q

Where are azo dyes and aromatic amines found?

A

Food chemicals

76
Q

Aflatoxin is derived form

A

Aspergillosis flavus

Found in mold growth in warm, humid areas

77
Q

What are nitrosamines?

A

Potent carcinogenicity demonstrated in animals

E.g. nitrites and nitrates form nitrosamines

78
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A

Directly mutagenic

79
Q

Describe DNA virus actions

A

Disruption of tumor suppressor gene function

80
Q

Describe RNA virus actions

A

Transforming genes of retroviruses give rise to oncogenes

Pathology I (10 decks)

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