Exam 2 Terminology Flashcards
Define effusion
An escape of fluid into tissues or a structure
E.g. movement of fluids from BV into tissue spaces or compartments
Define transudate
Ultrafiltrate of blood — a protein-poor fluid consisting of water and electrolytes
Define exudate
Protein-containing fluids that result from permeable vessels
Define ascites
Excess peritoneal fluids. AKA “Hydroperitoneum”
Cause: chronic liver disease
Define hydrothorax
Pleural effusion
Cause: “left side” heart failure
Define anasarca
Severe generalized edema
Causes incl: chronic congestive heart failure and renal disease
Define “pitting” edema
Subcutaneous edema: applying pressure to the skin drives fluid out and, upon pressure removal, leaves a thumb print dimple
Define dependent edema
Fluids collect in “dependent region” of body
E.g. ankle edema
Define hyperemia
Localized excess of blood, engoregment
Define “active” hyperemia
Physiologic (vasomotor) responses that contribute to increased arterial flow
Causes include: exercise, acute inflammation, temperature regulation, cutaneous blushing and responses to temp interruption of blood supply
Define “passive” hyperemia
Associated with restricted venous drainage and decreased outflow of blood from affected region. AKA congestion.
Causes: heart failure, venous obstruction, etc.
Define hemorrhage
Discharge of blood from vessels into surrounding tissues. AKA extravasation of blood
Define vasculitis
Inflammation of BV due to infection or hypersensitivity
Define petechiae
Small, pin-point hemorrhages
1-2 mm
Define purpura
Slightly larger hemorrhagic patches
3-5 mm
Define ecchymosis
Larger hemorrhagic patches (bruise)
1-2 cm or larger
Define hematoma
Collection of blood
Blood accumulates in tissues and creates a “mass” and sometimes adjacent structures are compressed
What are hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, hemopericardium
Bleeding into cavities
Define hemarthrosis
Bleeding into joint space
Define hemoptysis
Respiratory bleeding
Define hematemesis
Bloody vomit
Define melena
Dark stool due to degraded blood pigment
Cause: Bleeding in upper-mid GI tract
Define heatochezia
“Bright blood” present in stool
Cause: Bleeding in lower colon, rectum and anal regions
What causes dark blood stool and what causes bright blood stool?
Dark = melena Bright = hematochezia
What are thrombi and emboli
Common causes of vascular obstruction
Define hemostasis
Closely regulated processes that maint blood in fluid state under normal conditions and provide rapid formation of localized hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury
Define thrombosis
Pathological process that leads to formation of thrombi within the lumen of BC or heart chambers in a living organism
E.g. arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis and DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
Define blood clothes
Coagulation of blood “everywhere else”
NOT arteries or veins
Platelets are also called
Thrombocytes
Define infarcts
Disruption of blood supply leads to hypoxia and death of affected tissue
Types of infarcts
Red & White
What is red infarct?
Hemorrhagic: blood seeps into infarct site as BV break down
E.g. venous obstruction
What is white infarct?
Common in arterial obstruction of solid organs. AKA anemic or pale infarct
E.g. heart, kidney, spleen
Define shock
Inadequate perfusion of tissues by blood
Define hypovolemic shock
Fluid loss
Causes: dehydration
Define cardiogenic shock
Heart fails as a pump
Cause: fibrillation, valve rupture, cardiac tamponade, large pulmonary embolus
Define peripheral pooling shock
Loss of vasomotor tone (vasodilation) and pooling of blood (venous return drops and diminishes CO)
3 types of peripheral pooling shock:
Neurogenic
Septic
Anaphylactic
Define neurogenic shock
Distributive shock following severe pain, “deep anesthesia,” brain or cord trauma
Define vasovagal syncope
Fainting, associated with neurogenic peripheral pooling shock
Define septic shock
Associated with Endotoxin producing bacterial infections (G-organisms)
Define anaphylactic shock
Antibodies (Ig) are formed that react with antigen during sensitization. IgE are affixed to mast cells which causes release of histamine and other reactive agents when re-exposed to sensitizing antigen
Define neoplasm
“New growth” — abnormal mass of cells produced by excessive growth of new tissue
Define tumor
“Swelling” — term used in reference to neoplasms usually
E.g. benign and malignant tumors
Define “oncos”
Tumor
Define oncology
A study of the science of neoplasms including etiology and pathogenesis
Define “kancrum”
Crab
Due to irregular shape
Define hamartoma
Benign tumor-like mass consisting of an overgrowth of differentiated cells and tissues that are normally present in the affected location
Define sarcoma
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (supporting) tissues
“Sarco” is Greek for
Flesh
Define teratoma
Derived from germ cells or other cells and consists of mixed tissue types derived from any or all of the embryonic germ layers
Define pluripotentials
Stem-cell
Totipotential vs pleuripotential origin
Totipotential: give rise to mixture of tissues from any or all of the embryonic germ layers
Pleuripotential: give rise to more than one neoplasticism cell type derived from a single embryonic germ cell layer or precursor (stem) cell
Define benign
“Well differentiated” tumors. Slow growth
Do benign tumors metastasize?
No
Define malignant tumor
Cells that differ from parent tissue morphologically and functionally
Define metastases
Development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
Common secondary malignant growth centers
Lymph nodes, organs, skeleton
There are biochemical changes in malignant tumor cells but no _____________ for cancer demonstrated
Specific “hallmark”
Uncommon sites (2) for metastasis?
Spleen and striated muscle
Types of osseous metastasis (2)
Osteopathic (radiolucent) and osteoblastic (sclerotic)
What kind of osseous metastasis is seen in skeletal matastases of prostate cancer and 30% breast cancer?
osteoplastic
Most “popular” types of cancer for males/females?
Prostate / breast
Lung *same
Lower GI *same
Most deadly types of cancer for males/females?
Lung
Prostate/breast
Lower GI
Environmental factors implicated in what % of cancer?
80-90%
Define leukoplakia
White plaques
Define strophic gastritis
Mucosal atrophy
Define carcinogenesis
Molecular basis of cancer
What is cell cycle time?
Time required for progression of cells from one mitotic cycle to the next
What is growth fraction (GF)?
Proportion of mitotically active cells
Define doubling times
The time required to double the “tumor volume”
Define polycyclic
Aromatic
What are polycyclic hydrocarbons
Coal tars, combustion products
E.g. soot, cigarette smoke products, broiled or charred food
Where are azo dyes and aromatic amines found?
Food chemicals
Aflatoxin is derived form
Aspergillosis flavus
Found in mold growth in warm, humid areas
What are nitrosamines?
Potent carcinogenicity demonstrated in animals
E.g. nitrites and nitrates form nitrosamines
What are alkylating agents?
Directly mutagenic
Describe DNA virus actions
Disruption of tumor suppressor gene function
Describe RNA virus actions
Transforming genes of retroviruses give rise to oncogenes
