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OU Immunology > Exam 2 Stuff > Flashcards

Exam 2 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th1 cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th1?

A

stimulated by: IL-12

produce: IL-2, IL-12 IFN-Y, TNF-B

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2
Q

Th17

A

produce: IL-17A-F
Involved in mycobacterial surveillance, antifungal, allergy, autoimmune disease
Inflammatory

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3
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th2 cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th2?

A

stimulated by: IL-4

produce: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

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4
Q

Which cytokines induce differentiation in Treg cells?

What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Threg?

A

stimulated by: TGF-beta

produce: TGF-B, IL-10

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5
Q

Function of Th1

A

activate macrophages
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th2 responses)
antiviral, induce isotope switch of B cells to IgG1 for which macrophages have receptors

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6
Q

function of Th17

A

enhances neutrophil response to clear fungal pathogens, mycobacterial surveillance

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7
Q

function of Th2 cells

A

activate cellular and antibody response to parasites and allergy, isotope switch in B-cells to IgE
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th1 response)

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8
Q

function of Treg cells

A

suppress other effector T cells (inhibitory)
anti-inflammatory, mucosa immunity, allergy (good)by inducing tolerance, cancer (bad) by inhibiting antitumor immune response

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9
Q

Receptor that binds IgG

A

FcyRI

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10
Q

Receptor that binds IgE

A

FceRI

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11
Q

Receptor that transports IgG across epithelia, when transporting maternal antibodies

A

FcRn

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12
Q

Receptor with negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis

A

FcyRIIB1

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13
Q

Major form of IgM in serum

A

Decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin

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14
Q

characteristics of IgM

A

10% of serum
decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin
efficient complement activator
first antibody to appear in immune response
surface immunoglobulin, major receptor on B cells

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15
Q

Characteristics of IgG

A

75% of serum immunoglobulin
longest half life(20-25 days), except G3
complement activator (G3 best, G4 nil)
actively transported across placental border (except G2)
poor opsonizing agent– FC receptors on phagocytes

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16
Q

Characteristics of IgA

A

15% serum but MOST important secretory Ig
polymeric Ig: IgA exists mainly in serum as monomeric form

secretory IgA: major antibody in external secretions where’s it’s less susceptible to proteolyticdigestion

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17
Q

Characteristics of IgD

A

low serum conc

surface receptor on naive B cells along w/ IgM

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18
Q

Characteristics of IgE

A

trace serum conc.
best known for involvement in allergy
cytophillic for mast cells and Basophils via FC receptors
may be involved in immunity against some parasites

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19
Q

allotype

A

genetically determined differences in the proteins between individuals in he same species resulting from polymorphic (allelic) genes

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20
Q

what receptor binds IgG?

A

FcyRI

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21
Q

what receptor binds IgE?

A

FceRI

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22
Q

what receptor transports IgG across epithelia?

A

FcRn

23
Q

what receptor provides a negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis?

A

FcRIIB1

24
Q

what’s the purpose of sIgA?

A

to bind organisms in external secretions preventing them from attaching to an penetrating the mucous membranes

25
Q

what is opsonin

A

substance that enhances phagocytosis

26
Q

mechanisms of antibody mediated immunity to infectious diseases

A 
prevention of epithelial cell attachment (sIgA)
opsonization
complements mediated bacteriolysis
toxin neutralization
virus neutralization
27
Q

Which group of cytokines are antiviral?

A

Th1

28
Q

What is the name of the class that promotes production of leukocytes in bone marrow and enhances their activity?

A

CSF- colony stimulating factors

29
Q

Which class of cytokines is antiparasitic?

A

Th2

30
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Tell cells where to go… bind to vascular beds like adhesion molecules (pro-inflammatory)

31
Q

Major events in inflammation

A

Initiation- increase blood supply, vascular permeability & education of serum proteins, migration of leukocytes out of capillaries to site of damage
Amplification- activated immune system cells secrete cytokines and chemokines that amplify the response
Termination- as toxins, microbes and debris are cleared the response wanes.

32
Q

What are the two kinds of inflammation?

A

Acute and chronic

33
Q

What are the cellular mediators of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils
macrophages (IFNy/Th1 –M1 and IL4, IL13/Th2–M2)
Mast cells
Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells)

34
Q

What are the 7 soluble mediators?

A 
Cytokines
Chemokines
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
CRP
Platelet activating factor
Histamine
Eicosanoids
35
Q

What is Margination (generally speaking)

A

Rolling on inflamed endothelial surfaces

36
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Leukocytes use adhesion molecules such as integrins and others to migrate through endothelial cell layer. Vasodilator helps

37
Q

What is chemotaxis (migration)?

A

Leukocytes that transmigrate follow a gradiant of chemoattractants to the site of infection or injury. Bacteria produce peptides that contain N-formyl-methionine (N-FMLP) which is a powerful attractant for neutrophils and macrophages

38
Q

What adhesion molecules tightly bind during margination?

A

LFA-1 and ICAM-1

VLA-4 and VCAM-1

39
Q

What B2 integrin is found on macrophages?

A

MAC-1 (facilitates ICAM-1 binding)

40
Q

Exposure to what increases phospholipase A?

A

LPS, cytokines, IL-1, TNF-alpha, histamine, bradykinin

41
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

persistence of T cells and macrophages and high levels of inflammatory cytokines, pain, swelling, unnecessary scarring, high levels of MMP, elevated levels of reactive oxygens, tissue destruction

42
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A

genetics, autoimmunity, the individual

43
Q

What is cellular mediated immunity (a type of inflammatory disease)?

A

tissue damage caused by autoreactive T cells and persistent macrophages
ex: psoriasis and RA

44
Q

What is Immune complexes (a type of inflammatory disease)?

A

IgG antibodies produced by plasma cells form complexes w/ antigens that damage capillary beds
complexes activate complement, cause tissue damage, and perpetuate the inflammatory response
ex: glomerulonephritis and uveoretinitis

45
Q 
What class of drug blocks cyclooxygenases 1 & 2?
(ex of Cox 1 inhibitor?)
A

NSAIDS ex: asa, ibu, indomethacin, naproxen

Celebrex

46
Q

What are the leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

singular

accolate

47
Q

what is the name of the 5-lipoxygenase antagonist?

A

Zyflo

48
Q

What is the selective adhesion molecule inhibitor?

A

natalizumab (Tysabri) works against VLA-4on leukocytes to mediate binding to VCAM-1 on inflamed endothelium
used for MS and Chrohn’s

49
Q

What do corticosteroids inhibit?

A

phospholipase A- and AA metabolism

also inhibits T cell proliferation and causes T cell apoptosis

50
Q

What are some examples of cytokine inhibitors?

A

anakinra (Kineret)-blocks IL-1 binding, RA tx
etanercept (Enbrel) - binds TNF receptors and blocks TNFa and TNFb binding, RA and psoriasis tx
adalimumab (Humira) -antiTNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA and psoriasis tx
infliximab (Remicade) -chimeric mouse/human anti TNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA, psoriasis, Crohn’s tx

51
Q

What is Xolair (omalizumab)?

A

humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and blocks IgE

tx for allergy related asthma

52
Q

Why are leukotrienes and prostaglandins the devil, in regards to inflammation?

A

B/c they cause capillary endothelial leakiness and edema

53
Q

What do thromboxanes and prostacyclins do?

A

thromboxanes-vasoconstrict

prostacyclins-vasodilate

OU Immunology (2 decks)

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