Exam 2 Stuff Flashcards
Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th1 cells?
What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th1?
stimulated by: IL-12
produce: IL-2, IL-12 IFN-Y, TNF-B
Th17
produce: IL-17A-F
Involved in mycobacterial surveillance, antifungal, allergy, autoimmune disease
Inflammatory
Which cytokines induce differentiation in Th2 cells?
What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Th2?
stimulated by: IL-4
produce: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13
Which cytokines induce differentiation in Treg cells?
What are the characteristics cytokines produced by Threg?
stimulated by: TGF-beta
produce: TGF-B, IL-10
Function of Th1
activate macrophages
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th2 responses)
antiviral, induce isotope switch of B cells to IgG1 for which macrophages have receptors
function of Th17
enhances neutrophil response to clear fungal pathogens, mycobacterial surveillance
function of Th2 cells
activate cellular and antibody response to parasites and allergy, isotope switch in B-cells to IgE
(makes cytokines that inhibit Th1 response)
function of Treg cells
suppress other effector T cells (inhibitory)
anti-inflammatory, mucosa immunity, allergy (good)by inducing tolerance, cancer (bad) by inhibiting antitumor immune response
Receptor that binds IgG
FcyRI
Receptor that binds IgE
FceRI
Receptor that transports IgG across epithelia, when transporting maternal antibodies
FcRn
Receptor with negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis
FcyRIIB1
Major form of IgM in serum
Decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin
characteristics of IgM
10% of serum
decavalent pentamer-macroglobulin
efficient complement activator
first antibody to appear in immune response
surface immunoglobulin, major receptor on B cells
Characteristics of IgG
75% of serum immunoglobulin
longest half life(20-25 days), except G3
complement activator (G3 best, G4 nil)
actively transported across placental border (except G2)
poor opsonizing agent– FC receptors on phagocytes
Characteristics of IgA
15% serum but MOST important secretory Ig
polymeric Ig: IgA exists mainly in serum as monomeric form
secretory IgA: major antibody in external secretions where’s it’s less susceptible to proteolyticdigestion
Characteristics of IgD
low serum conc
surface receptor on naive B cells along w/ IgM
Characteristics of IgE
trace serum conc.
best known for involvement in allergy
cytophillic for mast cells and Basophils via FC receptors
may be involved in immunity against some parasites
allotype
genetically determined differences in the proteins between individuals in he same species resulting from polymorphic (allelic) genes
what receptor binds IgG?
FcyRI
what receptor binds IgE?
FceRI
what receptor transports IgG across epithelia?
FcRn
what receptor provides a negative feedback mechanism to limit antibody synthesis?
FcRIIB1
what’s the purpose of sIgA?
to bind organisms in external secretions preventing them from attaching to an penetrating the mucous membranes
what is opsonin
substance that enhances phagocytosis
mechanisms of antibody mediated immunity to infectious diseases
prevention of epithelial cell attachment (sIgA) opsonization complements mediated bacteriolysis toxin neutralization virus neutralization
Which group of cytokines are antiviral?
Th1
What is the name of the class that promotes production of leukocytes in bone marrow and enhances their activity?
CSF- colony stimulating factors
Which class of cytokines is antiparasitic?
Th2
What do chemokines do?
Tell cells where to go… bind to vascular beds like adhesion molecules (pro-inflammatory)
Major events in inflammation
Initiation- increase blood supply, vascular permeability & education of serum proteins, migration of leukocytes out of capillaries to site of damage
Amplification- activated immune system cells secrete cytokines and chemokines that amplify the response
Termination- as toxins, microbes and debris are cleared the response wanes.
What are the two kinds of inflammation?
Acute and chronic
What are the cellular mediators of inflammation?
Neutrophils
macrophages (IFNy/Th1 –M1 and IL4, IL13/Th2–M2)
Mast cells
Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells)
What are the 7 soluble mediators?
Cytokines Chemokines Pro-inflammatory cytokines CRP Platelet activating factor Histamine Eicosanoids
What is Margination (generally speaking)
Rolling on inflamed endothelial surfaces
What is transmigration?
Leukocytes use adhesion molecules such as integrins and others to migrate through endothelial cell layer. Vasodilator helps
What is chemotaxis (migration)?
Leukocytes that transmigrate follow a gradiant of chemoattractants to the site of infection or injury. Bacteria produce peptides that contain N-formyl-methionine (N-FMLP) which is a powerful attractant for neutrophils and macrophages
What adhesion molecules tightly bind during margination?
LFA-1 and ICAM-1
VLA-4 and VCAM-1
What B2 integrin is found on macrophages?
MAC-1 (facilitates ICAM-1 binding)
Exposure to what increases phospholipase A?
LPS, cytokines, IL-1, TNF-alpha, histamine, bradykinin
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
persistence of T cells and macrophages and high levels of inflammatory cytokines, pain, swelling, unnecessary scarring, high levels of MMP, elevated levels of reactive oxygens, tissue destruction
Causes of chronic inflammation
genetics, autoimmunity, the individual
What is cellular mediated immunity (a type of inflammatory disease)?
tissue damage caused by autoreactive T cells and persistent macrophages
ex: psoriasis and RA
What is Immune complexes (a type of inflammatory disease)?
IgG antibodies produced by plasma cells form complexes w/ antigens that damage capillary beds
complexes activate complement, cause tissue damage, and perpetuate the inflammatory response
ex: glomerulonephritis and uveoretinitis
What class of drug blocks cyclooxygenases 1 & 2? (ex of Cox 1 inhibitor?)
NSAIDS ex: asa, ibu, indomethacin, naproxen
Celebrex
What are the leukotriene receptor antagonists
singular
accolate
what is the name of the 5-lipoxygenase antagonist?
Zyflo
What is the selective adhesion molecule inhibitor?
natalizumab (Tysabri) works against VLA-4on leukocytes to mediate binding to VCAM-1 on inflamed endothelium
used for MS and Chrohn’s
What do corticosteroids inhibit?
phospholipase A- and AA metabolism
also inhibits T cell proliferation and causes T cell apoptosis
What are some examples of cytokine inhibitors?
anakinra (Kineret)-blocks IL-1 binding, RA tx
etanercept (Enbrel) - binds TNF receptors and blocks TNFa and TNFb binding, RA and psoriasis tx
adalimumab (Humira) -antiTNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA and psoriasis tx
infliximab (Remicade) -chimeric mouse/human anti TNFa antibody blocks TNFa binding, RA, psoriasis, Crohn’s tx
What is Xolair (omalizumab)?
humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and blocks IgE
tx for allergy related asthma
Why are leukotrienes and prostaglandins the devil, in regards to inflammation?
B/c they cause capillary endothelial leakiness and edema
What do thromboxanes and prostacyclins do?
thromboxanes-vasoconstrict
prostacyclins-vasodilate
