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Spinal Anatomy > Exam 2 Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

atlas

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2
Q

What features are lacking at C1? (4)

A

vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process, and the intervertebral disc

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3
Q

What is though to represent the pedicle at C1?

A

the anterior arch

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4
Q

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

longus colli

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5
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments

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6
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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7
Q

What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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8
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

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9
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

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10
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?

A

synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint

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11
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened

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12
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?

A

backward, medial, downward, (BMD)

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13
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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14
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior

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15
Q

What part of C1 represents the spinous process?

A

posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

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16
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about fifty millimeters
females: about thirty-seven millimeters

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17
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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18
Q

What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?

A

groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim

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19
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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20
Q

What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

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21
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about age 7 years

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22
Q

Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?

A

an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus

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23
Q

What are the names given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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24
Q

Ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?

A

all ethnic populations studied thus far

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25
Q

What joint classification(s) may be observed on the posterior arch of C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

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26
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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27
Q

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

A

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

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28
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles

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29
Q

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior

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30
Q

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

myodural bridges

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31
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

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32
Q

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

retrotransverse foramen

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33
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

lateral bridges

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34
Q

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters

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35
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

A

a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females

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36
Q

What joint classifications are observed at C1?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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37
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

five

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38
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and the fovea dentis

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39
Q

What names are given to C2?

A

axis or epistropheus

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40
Q

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

the dens or odontoid process

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41
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

five

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42
Q

What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

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43
Q

Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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44
Q

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

A

lordotic dens

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45
Q

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

A

kyphotic dens

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46
Q

What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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47
Q

What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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48
Q

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?

A

ten

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49
Q

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

A

membrana tectoria

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50
Q

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

51
Q

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

52
Q

What attaches to the lamina of C2?

A

obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

53
Q

What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

the are asymmetrical and slightly convex

54
Q

What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

55
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

A

forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)

56
Q

What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

57
Q

What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?

A

longissimus cervicis

58
Q

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

A

males: fifty-seven millimeters
females: about fifty millimeters

59
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?

A

levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and tertransversarii

60
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis muscles

61
Q

What names may be given to C7?

A

vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence

62
Q

What name is only given to C7?

A

vertebra prominens

63
Q

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebraw other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

64
Q

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

A

eight

65
Q

What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint

66
Q

What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?

A

longus colli muscle

67
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?

A

middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

68
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM)

69
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

A

forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)

70
Q

What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?

A

longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidis

71
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis

72
Q

The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

A

left vertebral artery

73
Q

What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?

A

men have larger vertebral arteries than woman

74
Q

What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

A

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

75
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-axial interspace

76
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

the atlanto-occipital interspace

77
Q

At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?

A

both C1 and C2

78
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?

A

the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations

79
Q

What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

A

the basilar artery

80
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal cord?

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longtudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

81
Q

What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)

82
Q

What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD)
C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)

83
Q

How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?

A

C1 = five, C2 = eight, C3-6 = eight, C7 = six

84
Q

How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A

C1 = none, C2 = ten, C3-6 = ten, C7 = eight

85
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process

86
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

87
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

88
Q

What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters

89
Q

What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?

A

the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights

90
Q

What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

the vertebral body height difference

91
Q

In terms of anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?

A

posterior

92
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

a kyphotic curve

93
Q

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

94
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

four

95
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

two

96
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costcentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

97
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

typically ten (fourteen if the costcentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)

98
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?

A

costocentral joint

99
Q

What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head surface in the costocentral joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the rib
the inferior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the rib

100
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

101
Q

What ligaments support the costocentral joint?

A

the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament

102
Q

What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

103
Q

What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface

104
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?

A

the longus colli

105
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

106
Q

What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?

A

ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane

107
Q

Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

the lateral view

108
Q

Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

109
Q

What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

shingling

110
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?

A

oval to circular

111
Q

In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter

112
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse costal facet

113
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?

A

the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib

114
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

115
Q

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis
multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii
levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

116
Q

How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?

A

at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular process of that vertebra

117
Q

What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

about ten to twenty degrees from the coronal plane; sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

118
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

119
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

120
Q

How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?

A

ten

121
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?

A

six

122
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

A

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

123
Q

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

124
Q

What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?

A

Layer one: trapezius and latissmus dorsi
Layer two: rhomboids and levator scapulae
Layer three: serratus posterior
Layer four: erector spinae
Layer five: transverseospinalis

Spinal Anatomy (2 decks)

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