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Bio 121 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

The flat layers of cell membranes “pointing” in different directions

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3
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

This is the site where proteins are made.

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4
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Small vacuoles from the golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes and have an acidic environment and a low pH

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5
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes degrade materials within a cell

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6
Q

What do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have in common?

A

They both contain DNA and Ribosomes

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7
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

They carry out photosynthesis, creating sugars.

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8
Q

What do Mitochondria do?

A

Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, creating ATP, or Adenosine Triphosphate.

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9
Q

Define Exocytosis.

A

Exocytosis is the process by which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicles contents are released outside the cell.

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10
Q

Define Endocyosis.

A

Endocytosis is the process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking)

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11
Q

Define Phagocytosis.

A

The process by which an amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances forming an intracellular vacuole (cellular eating)

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12
Q

Define Pinocytosis.

A

Pinocytosis is the process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell (cellular drinking)

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13
Q

Define Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Selective Uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane

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14
Q

What are the two thermodynamic laws?

A

The law of conservation of energy that says energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted to different forms and tht during energy conersions some energy is lost to the environment as heat

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15
Q

How is energy stored in cells?

A

As chemical bonds.

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16
Q

What is the general structure of ATP?

A

Adenine
I 3 Phosphate groups
Ribose——-^

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17
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

A protein molecule that functiones as an organic catalyst to speed a chemical reaction without itself being affected by the reaction.

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18
Q

How do Enzymes work?

A

They work by bringing substrates together in close proximity.
E + S –> ES + E +P
(enzyme) (Substrate) (product)

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19
Q

What factors do Enzymes depend on?

A

Enzymes depend on Temperature, Substrate concentrations, cofactors, pH, and vitamins.

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20
Q

What are some examples of enzymes?

A

Lactase, catalase, amylase

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21
Q

What happens during coupled reactions?

A

Enzymes bind ATP and can transfer the energy of the phosphate bond to the substrates– They occur in the same place, at the same time and in such a way that an energy-releasing reaction drives an energy requiring reaction

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22
Q

What is bioluminescence used for?

A

Communication, light source, defense

23
Q

What is the “mosaic part” of a cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer and proteins are embedded in the bilayer

24
Q

What is the “fluid part” of a cell membrane?

A

Unless anchored, proteins and phospholipds can move in the plane of the bilayer.

25
Q

What are the properties that cell membranes share?

A

They are semipermeable and selectively/differentially permeable.

26
Q

Define semipermeable.

A

only SOME things can pass through the membrane.

27
Q

Define Selectively/Differentially permeable.

A

what can and can’t pass through is specific and regulated. (ex: a cell may be permeable in some conditions and not under others).
Specificity and regulation of permeability is determined by the membrane’s proteins.

28
Q

Define Diffusion.

A

A molecule will freely disperse down it’s concentration gradient.

29
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water– it’s able to freely diffuse across plasma membranes.

30
Q

What are Aquaporins?

A

They are protein membrane channels through which water can diffuse.

31
Q

Define Isotonic.

A

A solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis.

32
Q

Define Hypertonic.

A

Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis.

33
Q

Define Hypotonic.

A

Lower solute concentration (more water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes the cell to gain water by osmosis.

34
Q

Define Active transport.

A

Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out for a cell from lower to higher concentration.

35
Q

Define cellular respiration.

A

Metabolic reactions that use the energy primarily from carbohydrates but also from fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

36
Q

What is the general reaction that occurs during cellular respiration?

A

organic molecules —> Carbon Dioxide+

+Oxygen Water+energy

37
Q

What are the three phases of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Prep Reaction, and the Krebs Cycle

38
Q

Define Glycolysis.

A

Glycolysis is the first phase of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria. It breaks down glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. During glycolysis, NADH and a net amount of 2 ATP are produced. Notice that this ATP is made outside the Electron Transport Chain.

39
Q

What happens during the Prep Reaction

A

It takes place in the matrix of the mitochndria where oxidation of pyruvatereults in the release of CO2 and the formation of NADH– the end product of the prep reaction is a 2-Carbon acetyl group.

40
Q

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

A

Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. As oxidation of glucose products occurs, both NADH and FADH2 result, and more CO2 is released. The Krebs cycle is able to produce two ATP per glucose molecule outside the electron transport chain.

41
Q

What is the relationship between glycolysis and fermentation?

A

At the end of glycolysis, if oxygen is not available fermentation occurs.

42
Q

What are the products of fermentation?

A

alcohol, lactate, and yeast

43
Q

Aerobic

A

Needs oxygen to carry out respiration

44
Q

Anaerobic

A

Do not require oxygen to carry out respiration.

45
Q

Facultative Anaerobic

A

Switch between aerobic and anaerobic

46
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA
outputs: 4 Co2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

47
Q

What happens during electron transport?

A

Energy from the NADH and FADH2 is used to create a concentration gradient of protons. (hydrogen ions that carry a positive charge).–The concentration gradient releasese energy when hydrogen ions trael back across the mitochondrial membrane. This energy is transferred (ADP–>ATP) by action of the enzyme ATP synthase.

48
Q

Define Photosynthesis.

A

Converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate.

49
Q

What is the general reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide enters, while water and oxygen exits through a leaf’s stomata.

50
Q

Define Autotroph.

A

Organisms that can produce their own organic food.

51
Q

What kind of organisms perform photosynthesis?

A

Autotrophs such as trees, plants, protists, and cyanobacteria

52
Q

What are the general concepts of light reactions?

A

1- Energy from the sun is used to split apart water.
2- Splitting water produces oxygen, protons and electrons. The electrons then go through a process similar to electron transport in cellular respiration to produce 2 ATP’s (photosystem 2).
3- The process is repeated to produce 2 NADPH molecules (photosystem 1)

53
Q

What is the general reaction of the calvin cycle?

A

CO2 –> 5C –> 6C
I
2X3C

Bio 121 (3 decks)

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