Exam 1 Study Guide

Question 1

What is an atom?

Answer 1

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of said element.

Question 2

What is an Element?

Answer 2

An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into substances with different properties; they are composed of ONLY ONE type of atom!

Question 3

What is a molecule or compound?

Answer 3

A Molecule/compound is a substance having two or more elements, united chemically in a fixed ratio

Question 4

What elements are common to all life and why?

Answer 4

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorus. These atoms make up 95% of the body weght of organisms and are essential to the uniqueness f cells and organisms

Question 5

What are the main components of an atom?

Answer 5

Protons (+), Neutrons (N), Electrons (-)

Question 6

What does the atomic number represent?

Answer 6

The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom; this is also representative of the number of electrons assuming this atom is electrically neutral

Question 7

What is the atomic mass representative of?

Answer 7

The atomic mass is the mass of an atom equal t the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus

Question 8

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 8

A covalent bond is a bnd in which atoms share one pair of electrons

Question 9

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 9

An ionic bond is a chemical bond in whih ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges.

Question 10

What are the properties of a bond?

Answer 10

They occur with electrons in the outer shell

-Bonds resulting in sharing of electrons (covalent) OR the attraction of positive with negative ions (ionic)

Question 11

What is the stable state of an atom?

Answer 11

A stable state is also known as the non-reactive state and this is a case in which the shells are filled with electrons
-Atoms can gain &/or lose electrons to achieve a stable state

Question 12

What are the four main properties of water that are beneficial for life?

Answer 12

Water Molecules stick together and to other materials, Water cools & warms slowly, Water dissolves other polar substances, and frozen water is less dense than liquid water

Question 13

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 13

Organ molecules contain BOTH carbon AND hydrogen

Question 14

What is cell theory?

Answer 14

One of the major theories of biology that states that all organisms are made up f cells and that cells come only from preexisting cells.

Question 15

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 15

There are two types of prokaryotic cells that are bacteria and archaea and they lack a membrane bounded nucleus

Question 16

What is bacteria?

Answer 16

cytplasm–> plasma membrane –> thousands of ribosomes –>nucleoid (in cytoplasm & contains the cell’s chromosomes) –> Cell wall–> Capsule (sometimes)

Question 17

What is a plasma membrane?

Answer 17

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 18

What are the four main classes of bio molecules?

Answer 18

Sugars, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids

Question 19

What are the three main types of sugars?

Answer 19

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 20

What are simple sugars?

Answer 20

Monosaccharides and disaccharides. They’re good for quick energy.

Question 21

What are complex carbs?

Answer 21

Complex sugars take longer to break down and are a good source of long term energy. They’re stored as glycogen in the liver of animals or starch granules in plants.

Question 22

What are lipids?

Answer 22

They are large molecules with many hydrocarbons. They function in long-term energy storage, structural components of cells, and hormones for long term signaling (estrogen)

Question 23

What are the types of lipids?

Answer 23

Fats and oils, triglycerides, saturated & unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

Question 24

What are the types of nucleic acids!

Answer 24

DNA & RNA

Question 25

What is the difference between atoms and ions?

Answer 25

Ions have a different amount of electrons and protons, and atoms with no charge have the same amount of each

Question 26

What are polymers?

Answer 26

Large organic molecules made by linking many small molecules together

Question 27

What are monomers?

Answer 27

The smaller molecule units in a polymer are called monomers

Question 28

Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

Answer 28

Hydrophobic has no affinity for water and hydrophilic does

Question 29

What are proteins?

Answer 29

Polymers of amino acids

-metabolism, molecular motors, structures in cells

Question 30

What is the structure of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 30

ER, nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, mitochondrion, lysosomes, Golgi body

Question 31

Levels of protein organization?

Answer 31

Primary: amino acid composition and order
Secondary: local interactions between nearby amino acids
Tertiary: overall 3-D shape, Interactions between distant amino acids
Quaternary: interactions between multiple polypeptides