exam 2 study guide Flashcards
also referred to as process evaluation- this occurs during the implementation process
formative evaluation
also referred to as outcome evaluation and occurs after the intervention
summative evaluation
what is the best time to do a program evaluation?
during the development phase and prior to any implementation
the intervention in disease before it occurs
primary prevention
what does primary preventive interventions include?
community water fluoridation, fluoride varnish, pit and fissure sealants and preventive education
the treatment or control of disease early in the process
secondary prevention
what are examples of secondary prevention?
conservative amalgam restoration, remineralization of early caries, and conservative periodontal therapy
limiting the disability from a disease, or rehabilitation of an individual
tertirary prevention
examples of a teritary prevention
dentures or other prosthetic dental devices and perio surgery
this level effects the individual
micro level
Why is fluoridation considered a model for oral health promotion?
it is safe, effective and socially equitable
Most disparities in oral health fall along the lines of?
age
race/ethnicity
gender
socioeconomic position
the primary goal of any oral health program should be…
empower people to attain equity in health
what three options to community water fluoridation that provides systemic fluoride?
fluoride varnish, salt fluoridation and fluoride tablets
who benefits from community water fluoridation?
all children younger than 18
social factors operating on a micro level include…
age
what are four preventable oral diseases?
dental caries
disease of supporting structures
oral pharyngeal cancers
craniofacial injuries
the main goal of any health program?
to empower people to attain equity in health and reduce incidence and prevalence of oral disease through education and interventions
why is an educational program not as effective as a health program promotion?
because educators should be calibrated
why is it important for oral health professionals to understand risk factors for disease, health behaviors, determinants, and disparities in oral health?
so they can indenting a target audience and design a program specifically for that audience
what are health determinants and risk factors that impact health?
genetic constitution
individual and group behavior
social and physical environment
policy and interventions
who combined a large body of research related to human motivation in his conceptualization of a hierarchical arrangement of needs as motivating factors?
abraham H maslow
according to maslow, a well organizers environment, economic self sufficiency, familiar surroundings, tasks and activities are
security and safety needs
also known as the decision making continuum and is based on the concept that people learn in a linear serious of sequential steps
learning ladder
what is the sequence of learning ladder steps from lowe’s to highest?
unawareness awareness interest involvement action habitat
the way one processes inormation, feels and behaves in learning situations or how the person learns
learning style
what are the reasons for conducting a needs assessment
identifying the extent and severity of a need
assessing the cause of a problem
determining the resources needed for a program
establishing priorities
an example of an indirect program activity
repairing equipment
behind the scenes activities and required to carry out the intervention
indirect activities
steps directly involved in the delivery of the intervention
direct activities
data collected specifically for use in a program are referred to a
primary data
data that are already available
secondary data
then needs assessment phase includes…
the collection, analysis and interpretation of information and foundation for effective program planning and successful program development
method of confirming the survey is usable, to determine if people interpret questions as intended and to make sure that given answers include all possibilities
pilot test
a well organized, written guide for presenting a specific block of instruction- an outline of the content to be presented that also specified the procedures to follow during presentation
lesson plan
another name for educational plan?
lesson plan
specific statements that describe what the learner is expected to be able to do, know or think differently about once the lessons content has been presented and mastered
instructional objectives
three basic components of a presentation structure
instructional set, content body and closure
who should be involved in the evaluation process?
stakeholders, community and organization decision makers, sponsors, dental health professionals, and targeted end users
when should the evaluation methods be determined?
during the development of the program
what is the most appropriate basis for evaluating an intervention?
the goals and objectives of the program
what is the first step in program planning?
form an advisory group
Intervention / most effective interventions?
interventions should be science based and proven appropriate for individuals and communities. health promoting interventions are most effective if they strategically predict, plan, and prevent potential crsis rather than react to problems.. a proactive approach
how to determine if a program fails or succeeds?
through program evaluation… the results of the interventions are measured against the program objectives
graduated numerical scale with upper and lower limits that allows for the measurement of disease severity rather than just disease incidence or prevalence
indices
what are examples of a common indice?
dmft and dmfs
the traditional method for measuring caries both present and past on the coronal surface of the permanent dentition
what does dmft stand for?
decayed missing filled teeth (0-28)
what does dmfs stand for?
decayed missing filled surfaces (0-128)
what are focus groups useful for?
collecting data information on community needs and attitudes and norms
what are the three levels of focus?
intrapersonal, interpersonal and community
this level of focus is an individual approach
intrapersonal focus
this level of focus is social networks
interpersonal focus
this level of focus impacts social, cultural and political agencies
community focus
what is the primary mode of action?
topical, in that it promotes remineralization and inhibits demineralization by continually bathing the teeth in saliva with low concentrations of fluoride
the most significant benefit of water fluoridation
acts as topical, and systemic agent as well as antimicrobial activity
all of the following are required for effective program planning except: a. sufficient time and resources, b. prompt reaction to a crisis, c. community recognition, d. behavioral, cultural and environmental and political influences addressed, e. community input and ownership
prompt reaction to a crisis
compiling the primary and secondary information gives a picture of the….
community’s profile
what are the 4 p’s in marketing
price
product
place
promotion
this theory is concerned with an individuals readiness to adopt a behavioral change for a healthier life… views behavior as a process rather than an event, with people at varying levels of motivation or readiness to change
stages of change model
what are the major stages of the change model?
precontemplation: unaware of the health problem without any thought of change
contemplation: aware of a problem and thinking about possibility of making change
preparation: making plan for change
action: practicing the behavior
maintenance: continuing desired health action
relapse: resumption of old behaviors
true or false:
trialability affects the acceptance and adoption of a new product idea or innovation
true
when is learning most effective?
when many channels of information or senses are stimulated and learners are actively involved
how might a person from a different culture convey the important of what they want to say?
behavior formally in interactions with people who were born in another culture
pay careful attention to nonverbal communication and styles- body language and eye contact
do not make assumptions
