Exam 2 study guide

Question 1

What is the classical conditioning paradigm?

Answer 1

A form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event

Question 2

What is the role of prediction in classical conditioning?

Answer 2

what stimuli in the environment predict the occurrence of biologically relevant stimuli.

Question 3

What is appetitive conditioning?

Answer 3

when the unconditioned stimulus is a desirable event such as getting ice cream.

Question 4

What is aversive conditioning?

Answer 4

the unconditioned stimulus is a disagreeable event like a shock

Question 5

The eye blink conditioning paradigm

Answer 5

A classical conditioning paradigm in which the unconditioned stimulus is an air puff and the conditioned/unconditioned response is an eye blink.

Question 6

What are the properties of learning a conditioned response over time?

Answer 6

Unconditioned stimulus - usually biologically relevant
Unconditioned response - action provoked by US
neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus - stimulus that has been paired with US to provoke a response
conditioned response - response to CS that was previously to US.

Question 7

What cues can be conditioned stimuli vs unconditioned stimuli?

Answer 7

unconditioned stimulus are biologically relevant things and conditioned stimulus can be just about anything.

Question 8

What is the extinction process?

Answer 8

the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with another previously associated stimulus.

Question 9

what is compound conditioning?

Answer 9

conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS.

Question 10

What is overshadowing?

Answer 10

an effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength than does the less salient cue and is thus more strongly associated with the US.

Question 11

what does it mean for a cue to be more salient than another?

Answer 11

when a cue is stronger than the others that are bring presented.

Question 12

Karmin’s blocking effect

Answer 12

a two phase training paradigm in which conditioning with one cue (CS1 US) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training.

Question 13

automatic compensatory responses

Answer 13

the body’s way of regulating itself

Question 14

roles of cues in drug use

Answer 14

cues allow the body to start ACR in order to prepare itself for the drug intake it is about to receive.

Question 15

cue extinguishment as a therapy for drug addiction

Answer 15

exposing the environmental cues to a person but not providing the drug in order to wean off of it.

Question 16

what is operant conditioning as a three way association

Answer 16

Discriminative stimulus -> Response -> outcome

Question 17

Thorndike

Answer 17

In Thorndike’s puzzle box, animals were given a reward if they could get out of a special cage that required three steps to escape. When Thorndike put them back in the same cage, the animals did not need to go through the trial and error again, which proved that they had actually learned how to get out of the cage.

Question 18

What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 18

In operant conditioning, the participant learns to make a specific response in order to produce a particular outcome. While in classical conditioning, the conditioning stimulus now produces a conditioned response.

Question 19

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 19

some examples of primary reinforcers are food, water, sleep, comfortable temperatures, and sex. (something that usually has some biological value)

Question 20

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 20

a reinforcer that initially has no biological value but that has been paired with a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

What are punishers?

Answer 21

Some punishers for humans may include, monetary fines, social disapproval, and prison.

Question 22

What are differential reinforcements of alternatives ?

Answer 22

Instead of delivering a punishments each time an unwanted behavior os exhibited, one can reward preferred alternative behaviors.

Question 23

How timing of O affects R likelihood?

Answer 23

When you increase the amount of time between the response and outcome, the effect of the outcome will weaken.