Exam 2 Steps

Question 1

Granulocyte Leukopoiesis

Answer 1

All granulocytes produced through this lineage
1.Myeloid stem cell becomes myelobast
2.Myloblast, the first comitted cell accumulates lysosomes and becomes promyelocytes
3.Promyelocytes become myelocytes
4.cell division stops and nuclei arch and form band cells
5.nuclei constrict to become mature granulocytes
Last 1/2day to 90 days

Question 1

Erythropoiesis (RBC’s)

Answer 1

1. Hemoblast (stem cell) starts to divide and produces a pleuripotent cell called a myeloid cell
2. Myeloid stem cell divides to become a proerythroblast
3. Proerythroblast, the first committed cell (only can produce RBCS) becomes early erythroblast
4. Early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
5. Late erythroblast becomes normoblast
6. Normoblast loses cellular organelles and nucleus and starts to accumulate hemoglobin to become a reticulocyte
7. Reticulocyte mature in bloodstream to become erythrocytes

Question 2

Agranulocyte Leukocyte (Monocyte)

Answer 2

1. Myeloid stem cell becomes monoblast
2. Monoblast becomes promonocyte
3. Promonocyte has a bone marrow and mature to become monocytes in lymph tissues
   lasts months

Question 3

Agranulocyte Leukocyte (Lymphocytes)

Answer 3

1.Lymphoid stem cell becomes lymphoblast
2.Lymphoblast becomes prolymphocyte
3.Prolymphocyte leaves bone marrow and becomes lymphocyte in lymph tissue
lasts week to decades

Question 4

Thrombopoeisis (production of platelets)

Answer 4

1. Hematocytoblast give rise to myeloid stem cells
2. Myeoloid stem cells become megakaryotoblast, the first committed cell
3. Megakaryoblast undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis to produce megakaryocyte
4. Cytoplasmic extension of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets

Question 5

Hemostasis

Answer 5

1. Vascular sperm: blood vessels constrict and slow blood flow
   2.Platelet plug formation: platelets aggregrate at site of vascular spasm
   3.Coagulation: Cells gel together to stop bleeding with a protein called fibrin

Question 6

Intrinsic pathways to coagulation

Answer 6

1. Aggregated platelets release PF3
2. PF3 activates other intermediate s, activation of factor x
3. Factor X complexes with calcium, pf3, factor v form prothrombin activator
4. Prothrombin activator enzymes catalyze conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
5. Thrombin catalyzes polmerization of innactive protein fibrinogen to fibrin
6. Thrombin activates factor xiii which links fibrin strands to make a “chain”

Question 7

Extrinsic pathway to coagulation

Answer 7

1. Damage cells release tissue factor
2. Tissue factor interacts with
   pF3 to skip a number or steps to go to factor X activation
   everything else happens the same as intrinsic

Question 8

Fibrinolysis (break down of fibrin)

Answer 8

1. Clot produces plasminogen, plasm protein
2. Plasminogen is activated by a tissue plasminogen activator
3. Plasmin digest fibrin

Question 9

If the baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure

Answer 9

1.Baroreceptos are activated to start sending a signal to the brain
2.This signal is transferred to the vasometer center
3. Vasometer center is inhibited
4.Inhibition of the vasomotor center causes blood vessels to dilate
5. Peripheral resistance goes down
6. Blood pressure is reduced

Question 10

Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 10

1.Damage to blood vessels exposes underlying collagen fiber
2.Damage causes tissue to release thromboxae A2 which is a prostaglandin
3.Thromboxane A2 interacts with a plasma protein called ron willebraud factor, which is always circulating blood
4. Thromoxane A2 and von willebrand factor accumulate together at site of damage, which causes platelets to collect and adhere to the collagen fibers
5. Once platelets are attached, thrombin activates platelets to breakdown their chemical contents

Question 11

Clot retraction

Answer 11

1.Fibrin mesh starts contracting the clot and contractile proteins in the platelets allow it to pull the plug together
2. This squeezes out the serum that was trapped inside the clot, and the clot compacts
3. Ruptured edges of the vessel come closer together

Question 12

Indirect renal mechanism

Answer 12

indirect action of liver
1.Low blood pressure causes kidneys to release more renin
2.renin stimulates angiotensin 2 production
3.Angiotensin 2 stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
4.Aldosterone causes sodium to be absorbed
5.This creates as osmotic gradient and water follows out
6. Blood pressure increases

Question 13

Four opposing forces

Answer 13

1.Capillary hydrostatic (pushing out)
2. Interstitial hydrostatic (pushing in)
3. Capillary colloid osmotic
4. Interstitial colloid osmotic
**most important of these is: capillary hydrostatic AKA blood pressure