Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 2220 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac muscle doesn’t require a nerve impulse beca

A

the heart uses an intrinsic method of conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

amount of extra blood that can be pushed through the heart when we need it to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pushed out the heart during each beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stroke volume

A

end diastolic- end systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiac output

A

SV x HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Factors effecting stroke volume

A

stretch of cardiac muscle
Contraction strength
arterial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stretch of cardiac muscle

A

pre load
- the more blood in ventricles, more stretch, and stronger contraction
-causes ejection of more blood
-starling law of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contraction strength

A

neither pre or post
-muscles can change its permeability to calcium which causes increase in strength of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arterial pressure

A

after load
-if there is increased pressure in the vessels, the heart cant’t push blood out because it has to go from high to low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cardiac output is what kind of variable?

A

homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If stroke volume increase, heart rate

A

slows down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors affecting heart rate

A

Parasympathetic nervous activation
Sympathetic nervous activation
Adrenal Medulla production of norepinephrine
Thyroxine
BP changes
Ionic balances
Age
Sex Exercise
Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasympathetic nervous activation

A

releases acetlycholine, which causes hyperpolarization of the SA node. Makes it harder to create a pacemaker potential. slows it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Activation

A

-releases norepinephrine, which causes the heart rate to increase.
-changes the sa node so it depolarizes faster
-increase in contractibility of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adrenal Medulla production of norepinephrine

A

releases norepinephrine as a hormone
-increase in heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thyroxine

A

-increases cellular metabolic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BP changes

A

-detected by special receptors called baroreceptors
-if BP goes up, less blood can get out of the heart, so the heart needs to speed up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ionic balances

A

-speed up or slow down heart rate depending on what we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Age

A

-heart rate declines as you age->you wont be able to raise heart rate as high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sex

A

females have a faster heart rate than males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exercise

A

will go up, but if you continue long term aerobic exercise program, your resting heart rate will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Temperature

A

heart rate goes up when you have a fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vagal escape

A

when heart starts racing when it shouldn’t be-> issue with vagal tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tachycardia

A

abnormally high resting heart rate >100BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bradycardia

A

abnormally low resting rate <60BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

anything that causes abnormally low cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Coronary Atherosclerosis

A

coronary arteries: clogged from plague deposits
-stroke volume decreases, decreased amount of oxygen delivered to cardiac muscle-> can’t contract like it used to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

High Blood Pressure

A

Diastolic BP>90
-heart has to contract with greater force to eject the blood, decrease stroke volume and cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Myocardial Infarctions

A

Heart attack: oxygen supply to heart is eliminated temporarily-> loses contractibility bc lack of oxygen made it become fibrous connective tissue
-coronary arteries are blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

-too much blood in ventricles
-flappy ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

**What is the process called D-looping?

A

where the heart will flip upside down
-rightward bending of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

hole between right and left atria through the interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ductus Arteriosus locations

A
  1. connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta, provides another shortcut in the embryo
  2. blood that didn’t take the shortcut to the foramen ovale, goes to right ventricle
  3. it is pumped into the pulmonary trunk where it goes through the connection of aorta
  4. Blood that would be going to the lungs, goes to the aorta itself
  5. seals after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Age-related changes

A

valve sclerosis
decreased cardiac reserve
fibrosis of myocardium
Atheroscleroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Valve sclerosis

A

deposits (calcium) accumulate on top of valve flaps, making them more rigid
-valves become less functional because it prevents them from closing all the way, so there is back flow of blood
-decreased cardiac out put
-offset by health diet, accumulates over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Decreased cardiac reserve

A

as you age, you lose the ability to have a large cardiac reserve
-can be somewhat offset by exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fibrosis of myocardium

A

-if you fail to use the myocardium, it will began atrophy and become non-contractible tissue
-prevent by staying active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

-accumulation of plague along inside of blood vessels
-reduces diameter of blood vessels, which changes blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is are circulatory system open or closed?

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

away from heart
carry blood that is rich in oxygen
Exception: pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

-proximal to heart
-larger diameter
-have minimal resistance
-walls are rich in elastin which allows them to rebound to maintain the pressure in blood
EX: aorta or pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Muscular artery

A

-distal to heart
-smaller diameter
-branch of the pulmonary arteries and carry blood to our organs
-some elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Arterioles

A

-branches off of muscular arteries and lead to capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Capillaries

A

-compose of simple squamous epithelial tissue
-site of gaseous exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Veins

A

-return blood back to heart EX:vena cava
-carry blood that is poor oxygen
Exception: pulmonary veins
-more blood than anywhere else
-lowest pressure here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lumen

A

opening in the middle of the vessel that contains the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Tunica interna

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium
-cells bind to create a flat surface that is as smooth as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer, deep to tunica interna
-smooth muscle and elastin
-thick in arteries
-blood vessel diameter controlled subconsciously through sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Tunica Externa

A

-deepest
-made up of collagen and dense irregular
-anchors blood vessels in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

blood vessels for blood vessels; tiny blood vessels that feed into tunica externa, found in largest blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Capillaries

A

small enough that each blood cell has to go through single file

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

-most common
-epithelial cells, endothelium is very tightly joined, have intercellular clefts, must go through walls for exchange
-pinocytic vesicles
Located: skin, muscle, most places in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

-has pores called fenestration that increase permeability across wall of capillary
Location: high absorption and filtration rates
EX: kidneys, endocrine organs, small intestines, digestive track

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sinusoidal capilaries

A

-bigger openings, leakiest, blood can pass through the walls.
Location: liver and bone (red bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Terminal Arteriole

A

sends blood to capillary bed, can change blood flow by changing its..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Metarteriole

A

branches off terminal arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

becomes postcapillary venule, main middle channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Postcapillary Venule

A

Thoroughfare channel empties into this and returns blood to the vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Vascular Shunt

A

combo of metaartiole and thoroughfare channel, MUST always be open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

True capillaries

A

branches off arterioles, where gas exchange occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Microcirculation

A

regulates the amount of blood going through capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Precapillary Sphincters

A

-helps open or close individual capillaries
-can be partially open to control amount of blood passing through->regulate micro-circulation within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Artery (walls, lumen, tunica media, blood volume, blood pressure, valves)

A

thick
small
thick
lower
higher
no valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Veins (walls, lumen, tunica media, blood volume, blood pressure, valves)

A

thin
large
thinner
higher
lower
venous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How much percentage is in our veins?

A

65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Blood in veins is under what pressure?

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Muscular pump

A

-as we contract our muscles they change shape and push against the walls of the vessels
-pushes blood up in the direction of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Respiratory pump

A

-as we breathe, we have a change in the pressure of our thoracic cavity
-as we inhale the blood can slip up to low pressure place close to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Collateral channels

A

-multiply supply channels that connect to each other (called anastomosis)
-go to places that need greater blood supply
-if one channel got blocked there would still be a path to come through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

**Our body tries to maintain what in blood flow

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Blood flow is what proportional

A

directly proportional to differences in blood pressure
-the greater the pressure, greater amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Blood flow is inversely proportional to what?

A

peripheral resistance
-due to friction
-flows more easily with less friction through a large vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Blood viscosity definition

A

change in slipperiness through the walls of vessels
-higher viscotiy, slower flow
EX:honey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Vessel length description

A

longer vessel=more resistant
larger people have longer vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Vessel diameter description

A

larger diameter has less friction so it is less resistant
**arterioles change the most
determines blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Vessel diameter variability and degree of effect

A

-can change instantaneously
-largest effect

76
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures of the blood

77
Q

Systemic Blood Pressure

A

-blood pressure decreases continually as we move away from the heart
-lowest pressure found in the veins that are returning blood to the heart

78
Q

Do capillaries or veins have higher pressure?

A

capillaries

79
Q

Blood pressure in the capillaries is relatively

A

low

80
Q

MAP

A

diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

81
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

a hormone which stimulates production of platelets

82
Q

Thromboembolism’s disorders (not enough clotting)

A

Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia

83
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

not enough platelet production due tp pathology (sickness)

84
Q

Hemophilia

A

genetic disorder-don’t have genes to produce clotting proteins

85
Q

Antigen

A

markers from other peoples body

86
Q

Agglutinations

A

markers in out body
how blood is determine

87
Q

Antibodies

A

attackers from other people’s bodies

88
Q

Agglutination

A

attackers from out body

89
Q

What is the injection that suppresses production of anti-RH called?

A

rhogam

90
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

functions: protects and anchors heart to mediiastinum
Composed of : connective tissue

91
Q

Parietal layer

A

covering cavity; parietal pericardium

92
Q

Visceral layer

A

covering heart itself; epicardium

93
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

space b/w parietal and visceral layers, fluid filled to dissapate heat and prevent fiction

94
Q

Epicardium

A

composed epithelial tissue

95
Q

Myocardium

A

composed of cardiac MT

96
Q

Endocardium

A

composed of squamous epithelial tissue, antithrombic

97
Q

Auricles

A

increase the surface area of the atria so they can hold more blood

98
Q

Fossa Ovais

A

provides a passageway for the blood to bypass the right ventricle since the embryo wasn’t using its lungs to breathe

99
Q

Vena Cava

A

attached to right atrium
-we have a superior (drains head and neck) and an inferior (drains rest of our body)

100
Q

Coronary sinus

A

-empties into right atrium
-drains all of the blood that went to the heart muscle itself

101
Q

Flow of blood

A

r atrium-> tricuspid valve->r ventricle->pulmonary valve(r semilunar valve)->pulmonary arteries->lungs->pulmonary veins-> l atrium->mitral valve->l ventricle->l semilunar valve->aorta->body->vena cava

102
Q

Two-circuit syste,

A

oxygen-poor blood is completely separated from oxygen rich blood

103
Q

Each of these circuits have gaseous exchange called capillary beds where

A

-in lungs where we pick up oxygen and leave waste
-in body tissue where we deliver the oxygen

104
Q

Coronary arteries

A

-branch off aorta
-supply blood to the heart muscle itself

105
Q

Cardiac veins

A

collect all the blood brought by the coronary arteries and return it to the heart chamber for recirculation

106
Q

Coronary sinus

A

cardiac veins drain into this and into right atrium

107
Q

Anatstome

A

connection of blood vessels
-allows blood from multiple sources to be delivered to a particular area
-if one gets damaged, we still have blood supply

108
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

-right from heart to lungs
-blood gets oxygen from lungs

109
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left from heart to lungs
delivers blood and oxygen to body tissues;collects waste from body

110
Q

When are atriventicular valves open?

A

when the pressure of blood in the atrium is higher than the pressure in the ventricule

111
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

right AV valve
-b/w right atrium and r ventricle
-3 # of cusps

112
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

left AV valve
-b/w left atrium and left ventricle
-2# of cusps

113
Q

Cordae tendinae

A

string like structures that connect the flaps of the valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricle

114
Q

Semilunar valves

A

valves that seperate the ventricles from the arteries that carry blood away

115
Q

Leukemia

A

cancerous condition of WBC’s

116
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

increase in agranulocytes
-caused by exposure to highly contagious Epstein-Barr virus

117
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in WBC
immune system is compromised

118
Q

Interleukins

A

chemical messengers usually released when we’re fighting an infection
-when a cell is attacked by a virus, it releases these to protect neigboring cells

119
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

increase WBCs

120
Q

Leukopoiesis (production of WBC’s)

A

hemocytoblast is stimulated and gives rise to two different stem cells
-Myeloid stem cells: give rise to->all granulocytes and monocytes
-Lymphoid stem cells:give rise to lymphocytes

121
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

122
Q

Lymphocytes

A

function: immunity
characterictics: large nucleus which makes up most of the cell; in lymph tissue
-T and b cells
-25% of WBCS

123
Q

T cells

A

attack virally infected cells or tumors

124
Q

B cells

A

secrete antibodies

125
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

-delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
-transports metabolic waste
-transports hormone
-maintains body temp
-maintains body pH
-maintains fluid volume
-prevents blood loss
-prevents infection

126
Q

Transports metabolic waste ex

A

allows waste to be released into the blood stream and release if co2 breaks down proteins and gets rid of ammonia

127
Q

Maintains body temperatures decription

A

temp of blood is higher than body temp

128
Q

What does blood carry which regulates pH of blood?

A

bicarbonate

129
Q

What does maintaining fluid volume work with?

A

kidneys

130
Q

All formed elements are in what marrow?

A

red bone marrow

131
Q

Erythrocytes are what type of cell,nonliving or living, function, percentage of blood?

A

-red blood cells
-nonliving
-carry respiratory gas co2 and oxygen
-45%

132
Q

Leukocytes are what type of cell, nonliving or living, function, percentage of blood?

A

-wbc
-living
-immunity
-less than 1%

133
Q

Platelets are what type of cell ,nonliving or living, function, percentage of blood?

A

-fragments of cytoplasm
-nonliving
-clotting
-less than 1%

134
Q

Blood Hematocrit

A

shows us the percentage of each component of our blood

135
Q

Plasma water and solute

A

water: 90% of volume
Solute: proteins->albumin
-globulins
-nitrogenous waste
-nutrients
-electrocytes

136
Q

Erythrocytes size, shape, nucleus, contain

A

size: small
shape: biconcave->packer on both sides
Nucleus: no nucleus
Contain: antioxidant enzymes-> free radical that accumulate and become toxic to body so get broken down by RBC

137
Q

Hemoglobin

A

composed of globin protein bound to neme pigment

138
Q

Heme pigment is what makes what?

A

blood red

139
Q

Globin

A

a complex protein, which means it has more than one subunit

140
Q

Heme pigment

A

-contains oxygen-binding iron
-each heme can bind to one oxygen molecule

141
Q

Hemoglobin with oxygen bound

A

oxi-hemoglobin
-binding of oxygen to hemoglobin makes it bright red

142
Q

Hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound

A

deoxi-hemoglobin
-lack of oxygen binding to hemoglobin makes it dark red

143
Q

When is a patient struggling when their oxygen saturation is below

A

90%

144
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

-hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide
-20% of co2 carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin
-CO2 doesnt bind to heme, it binds to one of the amino acids on the globin part

145
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells
-composition of blood cells will vary
EX: when exercising, we produce more RBC
-when fighting infection, we produce more WBC

146
Q

Erytropoietin

A

-when our blood is low on oxygen, the kidneys start to produce this
-body monitors O2 level, not RBC count
-it is a hormone and has receptors on hematocytoblast and it initates their division process

147
Q

Testosterone

A

-why men have more RBCs
-increase muscle mass results in an increased need for blood, more RBC
-works through the kidneys by stimulating them to release erythropoietin

148
Q

B vitamins

A

-B12 and folic acid
-during pregnancy, a woman has to produce RBC to carry oxygen for both herself and the baby. Why needs supplement

149
Q

Iron-

A

-need to create hemoglobin
-get in the food we ate
-if we don’t need it immediately, it is stored in cells as ferritin and nemosiderin
-when transported in the blood, called transferrin

150
Q

Dietary nutrients

A

-if we’re making any sorts of cell, we have to have nutrients
EX: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

151
Q

Erythrocyte longevity

A

-last between 100-120 days
-cells start to get old, and macrophage consume them and break them apart. occurs in the spleen

152
Q

Erythrocyte disorders

A

anemias
polycynthemia

153
Q

Anemias

A

-either low number of or abnormal RBC that reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

154
Q

Polycynthemia

A

-overproduction of RBC
-so many RBC that the blood has trouble moving through tiny capilaries
-blood is a sludge

155
Q

Diapedesis

A

-some blood cells have the ability to leave blood vessels and enter interstitial fluid
-rbc cannot do this(if they die we bleed uncontrollable ), some WBC can

156
Q

Neutrophils functions

A

-phagocytic cells which functions in inflammatory response
-multi-lobed nucleus
-50-70%

157
Q

Basophils function

A

-granules full of histamine (vasodilator)
-stains very dark
-.5-1%

158
Q

Esinophils functions

A

-attacks parasitic worms
-two lobed nucleus
-2-4%

159
Q

Response: Alter blood distributions to respond to needs

A

-close precapillary spincters
-always go through vascular shunt, but if we need more, the sphincters will open up and more blood will pass through
-will increase Bp and decrease elsewhere

160
Q

Response: Alter vessel diameter

A

-contrict-> increase pressure
-vasomotor system
-vasomoter tone

161
Q

Vasomotor system

A

in the medulla oblongata there is collection of sympathetic nerve cells called vasomotor system- these attach to walls of the blood vessels and cause vasoconstriction

162
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

constant signals coming from vasomotor system, causing slight constriction in our blood vessels, called vasomotor tone (important bc if they weren’t always slightly constricted, they wouldn’t be able to dilate)

163
Q

Neural reflex arcs

A

baroreceptors are sensory receptors which monitor blood pressure
-detect when it goes up and down

164
Q

Side effects of activating baroreceptors

A

venus return reduced
cardiac output reduced
heart rate reduced
contractible force reduced
MAP declines

165
Q

Venus return reduced

A

baroreceptors signal causes reduced amount of blood in the heart

166
Q

Cardiac output reduced

A

cause less blood out (bc less blood coming to heart)

167
Q

Heart rate reduced

A

slows down to maintain cardiac output

168
Q

Contractible force reduced

A

less pressure less contraction force

169
Q

MAP declines

A

less contraction force makes further reduction in BP

170
Q

Results of side effects of activating baroreceptors

A

reduced MAP intiates vasocontriction
-responds to low blood pressure by constricting in an attempt to put blood pressure back up

increase cardiac output
-bc heart rat slowed down in response to baroreceptor activation, allows heart to fill more before each contraction

blood pressure rises

171
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

monitor the composition of blood
-detect concentrations of oxygen, ph, and CO2 in the blood

172
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

released by: adrenal medulla
Action: fight/flight- increases CO and HR and causes vasoconstriction short term
Increase BP

173
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

released by: heart

Action: production is stimulated when BP is high, effects the kidneys by increasing filtration by vasodilation: decreases blood volume bc more lost to urine

reduce BP

174
Q

ADH released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

stored in post pituitary

rarely is a vasoconstriction
Usually: promotes water conserve and increase blood volume

Increase BP

175
Q

Angiotensin 2 released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

released by live

vasocontriction + angiotensin activated by renin into angiotensin 2 causes kidneys to reabsorb more water

increase BP

176
Q

Endothelium -derived factors released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

released by blood vessels

vasoconstrict or vasodilate: self regulate

inc or dec BP

177
Q

Inflammatory chemicals released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

Ex: histamine

Acts in two ways
1.Making blood vessel larger
2.More permeable

reduce BP

178
Q

Alcohol released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

Affects BP
1.Inhibits ADH
2.Promotes dilation
3.Inhibits vasomotor center

reduce BP

179
Q

Nicotine released by what, action, effect on BP?

A

has same effects as norepinephrine’s and epinephrine-> causes constriction

increase BP

180
Q

Renal regulation

A

-only long term regulation of blood pressure

Works by:
altering blood volume
increased blood pressure causes the kidneys to eliminate more water and produce more urine

181
Q

Direct renal mechanism

A

direct bc only affecting kidneys

-site of blood filtration

-filtration rate may be increased by blood pressure, blood volume, amount of blood delivered by blood vessels

182
Q

Pulse

A

as blood is circulating through there are waves of pressure

183
Q

Blood pressur

A

related to flow of blood through vessel pushing on its wall
1st Korotkoff sound=systolic

184
Q

Perfusion

A

the flow of blood through tissues of the body

185
Q

As blood is flowing through the tissues it

A

delivers O2 and nutrients and removes waste CO2

186
Q

As blood passes through the the lungs it

A

exchanges gases

187
Q

Metabolic

A

low levels of oxygen or nutrients cause vasodilation as well as relaxation of the precapillary sphincters so that blood will flow through them

188
Q
A

Biol 2220 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions