Exam 2 section 1

Question 1

What are the three major Mood Disorders

Answer 1

3 major mood disorders
Major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder

Question 2

Major depression(unipolar depression)

Answer 2

the common cold of pyschopatholgy
lifetime prevalence is 16%
twice as many women as men experience a clinical depression
age of onset is late teens to early twenties
evidence the average age of onset is decreasing(not quite sure why)
this is in all countries

Question 3

Symptoms of Major depression

Answer 3

Sad affect(affect=mood)
loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities (anhedonia)
weight and appetite changes
forget to eat
or eat to much
sleep disturbances
early morning awakening

Question 4

Pyschomotor changes associated with Major depression

Answer 4

Pyschomotor changes
agitated all the time
people get very slowed down in speech in movements
**THESE CHANGES ARE OBJECTIVE (people can tell these things)
Loss of energy and fatigue
feelings of worthlessness and guilt
difficulty concentrating

Question 5

suicidal ideation associated with Major Depression (2 kinds)

Answer 5

Active-I am going to kill myself if I don’t get better
Passive-If I just didn’t wake up tomorrow that would be okay (my kids would be better off If I were not alive)

Question 6

Frequency/ Stats about Major Depression

Answer 6

Need to have at least one of the first two five symptoms total
YOU DO NOT NEED TO FEEL SAD IN ORDER TO BE DIAGNOSED WITH DEPRESSION
For sadness to be a symptom it has to be 14 days sad most of the day
Average duration of single episode == 5-9 months

Single vs recurrent episode
85% of single episode cases later experience a second episode
4 is the median lifetime number of episodes
the median duration of a current episode is about 4-5 months
often comorbid with anxiety(60% of those that meet criteria for major depression will be diagnosed with anxiety)

Question 7

PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (new to the dsm 5)

Answer 7

combination of depressive disorder and dysthymia

Question 8

Criteria for persistent depressive disorder

Answer 8

depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years
average duration is 4-5 years
TWO ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS (many of the same symptoms as major depressive disorder)
never without depressed mood for more than two months at a time

Question 9

Why did the DSM 5 add Persistent depressive disorder as a mood disorder

Answer 9

THE NEW DIAGNOSIS COMES FROM THE CHRONICITY OF THE SYMPTOMS NOT THE NUMBER OF SYMPTOMS
YOu only need 3 symptoms for a very long time (this is worse than having 5 or 6 symptoms for only 2 months)
Tremendous overlap between dysthymia and major depression (double depression)
95% of people with dysthymia suggests that there is a lot of overlap between dysthymia and major depression so we now call it persistent depressive disorder

Question 10

BIPOLAR SYMPTOMS

Answer 10

1% of the population is BI polar
very rare for someone to develop bipolar disorder after 40 years of age
Course-chronice (depression and mania alternate chronically)
17% of the those with bi polar attempt suicide
NO gender difference with bi polar disorder
depressive episode are shorter milder and more frequent then major depressive disorder
manic episode may last several days or several months
rapid cylcers vs slow cyclers
If you have any mania what so ever you still diagnosed with bi polar

Question 11

SYMPTOMS OF MANIA

Answer 11

elevated or euphoric or irritable mood
extraordinary increase in activity level
3 of the following are noticeable changed
talkativeness/rapid/speech
racing thoughts
decreased need for sleep
inflated self esteem
distractibility
involvement in impulsive activities
shopping sprees
use of alcohol and drugs

Question 12

COMORBIDTY AND MANIA

Answer 12

2/3 of those with bipolar have anxiety
1/3 report substance abuse

Question 13

Genetic Factors for Major depression

Answer 13

2/3x greater rate of depression in the relatives of pro bands compared to controls

Question 14

Genetic FActors for Bipolar disorder

Answer 14

8-10% of relatives have bi polar as well
67% monozygotic
DZ 19DZ

Question 15

Genetic facts concerning unipolar depression

Answer 15

46 mz 20% dz

Question 16

5 HTT gene in major depression

Answer 16

this is the gene that is responsible for the brains production of serotonin transporters
proteins that help serotonin cary message from one neuron to the next

Question 17

Heritability estimates in unipolar and bi polar depression

Answer 17

37% of variance in UNIPOLAR is thought to be genetic
80-90% of variance is Bipolar is genetic

Question 18

Catecholamine thoery

Answer 18

major depression is a result of low epinephrine eactivy
bi polar is caused by too much norepinpehrine

Question 19

Indoleamine theory

Answer 19

both mania and depression are caused by too little serotonin activity

Question 20

is dperessive associated with a change in brain activity?

Answer 20

1.) amygdala scane indicate that activity and blood flow in this area is 50% greater than those with depression
somewhat elevated activity is found in the relatives of those with depression
2.) prolonged depression leads to decreases hippocampal volume
found in never depressed people who are at high risk for depression

Question 21

NUERO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Answer 21

**plays an important role in regulating a persons response to stress**
recent research has focus on over activity of the HPA axis and CORTISOL
**WHEN ONE DETECHS A THREAT THE HYPOTHALAMUS signals pituitary secretes acth
acth modulates secreation of cortisol into your blood stream.

PEOPLE WHO HAVE INCREASES LEVELS OF CORTISOL ARE READY TO FIGHT OR FLEE
IN PEOPLE WITH DEPRESSION
CORTISOL LEVELS ARE OFTEN POORLY REGULATED

Question 22

dexamethazone suppression tests

Answer 22

dexamethazon is a steroid medication most who take it show suppression of cortisol secretion
hypothalamus is fooled into think there is already enough cortisol in ones system.
50% of depressed patients show a failure of suppression in response to the DST
ONCE THEY ARE NO LONGER DEPRESSED MOST SHOW A NORMAL RESPONSE

Question 23

BECKS THEORY

Answer 23

depression may results from the tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way
THEY MAKE THE WORST OUT OF everything
WHen he did therapy he noticed a lot of cognitive errors in his patients

Question 24

Becks Cognitive Errors

Answer 24

Selective perception

MAGNIFICATION

Personalization

Question 25

Negative cognitive Triad

Answer 25

1. thoughts about self

2. world

3. future

Question 26

3 learned helplessness theroes

Answer 26

1.) orignial learned helplessness

Attributional reformulation

3.) hopelessness depression