exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Becks Cognitive Errors

Answer 1

**Selective perception** **MAGNIFICATION** **Personalization**

Answer 2

**1. thoughts about self** **2. world** **3. future**

Answer 3

1.) orignial learned helplessness Attributional reformulation 3.) hopelessness depression

Answer 4

depression is a result of feeling helpless and lacking a sense of control based off early dog experiments PROBLEM: many depressed people blame themselves for their problems

Answer 5

explanations for events dimensions of attributions 1. internal vs external attributions internal-I failed because I didn't study enough external I failed because she's a bitch 2. stabel vs unstable stable- 3. global vs specific depressed people make ISG attributions

Answer 6

asked intro psych students what grade to you expect on that first mid term exam selected a sub sample who significant lower than they expected time 1: all depressed after failing first exam time 2: those who made SG attributions were still depressed those who didn't make SG were better \*\*showed the durability of the negative mood in those who made SG attributions

Answer 7

focused on a specific subset of depression - hopelessness depression bad things are going to happen to me and there is nothing I can do about it chain of events 1. negative life event 2. SG attribution (place a lot of importance on this event) 3. other cognitive factors 4. expectation of hopelessness 5. hopelessness depression

Answer 8

study that followed low/high risk students high risk = rutine SG attributions followed both groups for two years high risk group were four times more likely to develop an episode of major depressive disorder

Answer 9

loss may trigger grief reaction. Children who experience death of a parent are at high risk of developing major depressive disorder as an adult 2. interpersonal role dispute 3. interpersonal role transition (a good social support network) 4. interpersonal defficits (people who lack social skills,)

Answer 10

no gender differences in children gender differences emerge around 13-15 Women also tend to have more frequent and long lasting episodes also respond less successfully to treatment options WHY do women become more depressed?

Answer 11

Artifact Theory Hormone Explanation Life Stress Theory Lack of Control Theory Cognitive Vulnerabilty Stress Model

Answer 12

married women in traditional marriages(STAY AT HOME AND STUFF) have higher rates of depression than either single women or married women in equal relationship married men in traditional marriages have lower rates of depression then men who are in egalitarian marriages Married women who work at least part time have lower rates of depression then stay at home moms (eggs in a basket theory) if all you do is stay at home with the kids and the kids are bad you do not get a lot of satisfaction and there is no where else to get your happiness from

Answer 13

women and men are equally prone to depression but clinicians dont diagnose correctly because women are much more likely to admit to feelings of sadness in our culture(its not that men are speaking up It’s really a true fact that women

Answer 14

maybe hormone changes are causing depression (period, menapuas) research suggests that hormone changes alone are not responsible for the high levels of depression (some women do get depressed but not all during these times) Other people criticize this as sexist Pre menstral disforic disorder is a new diagnosis for depression around period time

Answer 15

women in our society experience more stress than men do women face more poverty 75% of those living in poverty are women face more menial jobs(how many male house cleaners do you know?) less adequate housing experience more discrimination then men do in many homes women are responsible for higher % of house work and child care

Answer 16

women may feel less control over there lives they are more likely to be victims (attributional formulation-learned helplessness(maybe I deserve a black eye)

Answer 17

adolescents likely to become depressed when pessimistic attributional style + stressful life event

Answer 18

girls demonstrate ISG attributions more than boys girls show more rumination GIRLS ACTUALLY EXPERIENCE MORE NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS

Answer 19

the combination of all these is the greater than the sum of all the others

Answer 20

Treatment for unipolar depression try to improve problem solving trying to improve communication treating adolescents releaves symptoms prevents relapse

Answer 21

trying to get the person to increase pleasurable activities Examining invalidate automatic thoughts change distorted thinking/biases (isg attributions)

Answer 22

increase those pleasurable activities this one component can be effective on its own changing the way you think about things is not necessary

Answer 23

MAO Tricyclis SSRI

Answer 24

nardil, Marplan these were the earliest anti depressants slow down the bodies production of MAO those who have too high levels of Norepinephrine or Serrotonin YOU HAVE TO RESTRICT YOUR DIET (otherwise you can get high blood pressure or sudden death )

Answer 25

trofranil Elavil developed in the 1960s drug of choice until 1990 Correct the receptors sensitivity to norepinephrine and serotonin they tend to be more effective than MAO inhibs (they tend to have more problematic side effects) (dry mouth, constipation, weight gain, sexual dysfunction) (toxic in large doses)

Answer 26

prozac zoloft paxil developed 1989 currently the most prescribed account for more than 80% of all prescriptions not as toxic if you take it in a large dose (problems with orgasm and lowered sexual interest) inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic nerve ending increase serotoning in synaptic cleft called selective because they have no effect on the uptake of other neurotransmitters In general 50-70% of those who take medication get better. Which medication is going to be effective for any person is completely a mystery

Answer 27

wellbutrin no sexual side effects activiating effect effexor

Answer 28

s therapy or anti depressant the way to go a combination of the two increases the chance of recovery by 10-20%

Answer 29

anti depressants work fast that cbt cbt is better at preventing relapse especially if you have done 12 weekly session you go in once a month

Answer 30

electric current is sent through the brain creating seizure WHy does this work we do not know and thus this is a controversial treatment effectiveness (its very effective for people who are severely impressed and do not respond to medication) higher relapse rate if you do not starting taking anti depressants following ect possible memory loss caused by ext

Answer 31

lithium we do not know why lithium works for bi polar but it is very effective. Helps about 80% of people with bi polar have fewer manic episodes as well between 40-60% avoid recurrence completely Risk of relapse is 28 times greater if patients stop taking lithium Major issue is medication compliance 50% of people with bi polar do not take their medication as prescribed or they stop taking it all together (they miss the highs) the rapid thoughts and decreased need for sleep it helps to combine lithium treatment with psychotherapy

Answer 32

repetive thoughts ideas impulses or images that intrude into a persons cnscionessnot in a persons control they do not choose to do this they realize that this obsession is senseless but they cannot get rid o these thoughts influences or images

Answer 33

actions that a person feels compelled to repeat again and again engage in compulsion in order to prevent some disaster from occurring in order for a diagnosis of OCD you need to have recurrent obsessions or compulsions they have to be severe enough to be time consuming need to cause distress or impairment actions that a person feels compelled to repeat again and again engage in compulsion in order to prevent some disaster from occurring in order for a diagnosis of OCD you need to have recurrent obsessions or compulsions they have to be severe enough to be time consuming need to cau se distress or impairment

Answer 34

Symmetry one needs to have things in a particular order Aggressive or horrific obsession to hurt your child Sexual imagery Symmetry one needs to have things in a particular order Aggressive or horrific obsession to hurt your child Sexual imagery

Answer 35

checking people feel compeled to check that the door is locked over and over again cleaning behaviors include the hand washers/shower multiple times a day/ symmetry if you have 8 magazines they need to be ordered and fanned in a certain way

Answer 36

let clients listen to their silly thought over and over again people can improve from this therapy in 3-6 months

Answer 37

compulsions are learned behaviors that are reinforced by their consequences consequence == anxiety goes down ex. superstitious behavior

Answer 38

1. depressed mood increased intensity of unwanted thoughts increase # of unwanted thoughts 2. Strict code of acceptability 3. Dysfunction beliefs about responsibility and harm 4. Dysfunctional beliefs about the control of thoughts

Answer 39

1. the probability BIAS the belief that having a thought increases the chance of the behavior occurring 2. Morality bias the view that having an imoral thought is just as bad as if you had done it

Answer 40

Neurotransmitters could be increased serotonin sensitivity Diathesis could be some defect in the way your brain metastasizes serotonin Some research argue that serotonin acts as a neuromodulator its primary function is to increase or decrease the activity of other things

Answer 41

MZ twins have higher concordance rates as DZ twins IT HAS A GENETIC component Brain Scan findngs ## Footnote pet scans show high activity in several areas of in the brain in OCD patients caudate nucleus and basal ganglia thalamus This three part make the cortical stratal thalamic circuit THis is where primitive impulses arise impulses goe to caudate nucleus which filters things and only allows the most powerful impulses if the impulses reach the thalamus t