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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Exam 2 review questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

The patient exhibits bronze color skin tone, weight loss, loss of appetite because they are suffering from?

A

addisons disease

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2
Q

PCOS clinical manifestations include

A

infertility, increase facial hair, dark patches in the body folds

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3
Q

Hepatitis A can be contracted by?

A

fecal-oral route

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4
Q

pyloric stenosis clinical manifestations include

A

projectile vomiting, regurgitation

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5
Q

a medication that causes diuresis or is known as a diuretic, causes what symptoms

A

increased urine output

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6
Q

Patients with sickle cell disease or some anemias (males) may experience this type of problem

A

priapism

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7
Q

herpes is characterized by

A

red vesicles in the genital area

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8
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) include

A

tremors, weight loss, tachycardia

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9
Q

Type 1 Diabetes is cause by

A

pancreas is unable to make insulin

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10
Q

An example of a mechanical bowel obstruction is

A

intussusception

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11
Q

A major complication of hypothyroidism is called:

A

myxedema coma

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12
Q

Patient presents with complaints of incontinence symptoms when she coughs, sneezes, or laugh, what is this type

A

stress incontinence

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13
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is characterized by

A

overproduction of ADH which causes the body to retain water

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14
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome include

A

moon face, buffalo hump

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15
Q

Patient presents with severe, right upper quadrant pain, colicky in nature is suffering form

A

cholecystitis

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16
Q

Patient reports recent thyroidectomy due to a malignant tumor, he presents with muscle weakness and hypocalcemia due to

A

hypoparathyroidism

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17
Q

what are Complications of Type 1 Diabetes

A

neuropathy
delay wound healing
retinopathy

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18
Q

A decrease in estrogen which may cause menstrual disturbances is called

A

amenorrhea

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19
Q

Chronic Stress- During stressful times, the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, which in turn increases glucose levels?

A

true

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20
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by

A

underproduction of ADH, causing the kidneys to excrete too much fluid

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21
Q

what causes pyelonephritis?

A

infection in the kidneys

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22
Q

Main cause of chronic kidney disease include

A

hypertension and diabetes

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23
Q

Causes of nephrolithiasis include

A

decrease fluid intake leading to dehydration

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24
Q

antibiotic induced diarrhea may be caused by

A

destruction of normal flora

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25
Q

Chronic Stress- During stressful times, the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, causing glucose levels to rise

A

true

26
Q

Hemoglobin A1C is used to check a diabetic patient

A

average blood sugar in the last 2-3 months

27
Q

One of the main causes of Peptic Ulcer disease

A

H. pylori

28
Q

Over production of somatotropin (GH) hormone causes

A

Gigantism

29
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

BILIARY COLIC (abdominal cramping and pain that worsens after a fatty meal)
Abdominal pain (especially in the right upper and middle upper quadrants; may radiate to the back or right shoulder)
Abdominal distention
Nausea and vomiting
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
Clay-colored stools (due to the lack of bile)
Fever
Leukocytosis
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Causes:
chemical imbalance within the contents of the gallbladder in which the bile contains too much cholesterol or bilirubin
Risk Factors:
5 F’s
Fat, female, forty, fertile, fair skin

30
Q

Peritonitis

A

Causes:
Appendix rupture
Bowel perforation
Ruptured gallbladder or spleen
Peritoneal dialysis
Signs:
Sudden and severe pain
Abdominal rigidity, board like abdomen from inflammation and spasms

31
Q

Pancreatitis -Acute

A

Most common cause: cholelithiasis
clinical manifestations are SUDDEN and SEVERE:
Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest
Nausea and vomiting
Mild jaundice
Fever
Blood pressure and pulse changes (may be increased or decreased)

32
Q

Pancreatitis -Chronic

A

Most common cause: Alcohol abuse
Clinical manifestations are GRADUAL:
Upper abdominal pain
Indigestion
Losing weight without trying
Steatorrhea (oily, fatty, odorous stools)
Flatulence

33
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Causes:
Infected pouch-like structures (diverticula) in the wall of the large intestine (diverticulosis).
Blockage or filling of a diverticulum by stool in the colon.
Aging and heredity.
Diet low in fiber and high in refined foods.
Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Obesity, smoking, low exercise, and certain medications.
SX:
Asymptomatic until condition is serious
bleeding
low-grade fever
abdominal tenderness (usually in the left lower quadrant), abdominal distention, constipation, obstipation (severe constipation usually caused by an intestinal obstruction), nausea, vomiting, a palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis.

34
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

An insidious, slow-developing, progressive condition that often emerges in adolescence
Usually affects the intestines, especially the distal ileum and colon; however, it may occur anywhere along the gi tract
COBBLESTONE APPEARANCE
Causes:
Crohn’s disease begins with crypt inflammation and abscesses that progress to small focal aphthoid ulcers.
*joint pain or soreness, debilitating
Abdominal cramping and pain (typically in the right lower quadrant and may occur with defecation)
Diarrhea (usually watery)
*Steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea)
Constipation (as the intestinal lumen narrows)
Palpable abdominal mass (thickened intestinal wall)
Hematochezia (gross, red blood; rare unless ulcers begin bleeding)
Anorexia
Mouth ulcers
Weight loss
Indications of inflammation (e.g., fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise)

35
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

The ulceration usually begins in the rectum and extends in a continuous segment to involve the entire colon
Long term imflammatory disease
Inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum
BLOODY PUS FILLED DIARRHEA
Rectal bleeding
Tenesmus (persistent rectal spasms associated with the need to defecate)
Proctitis (inflammation of the rectum)

36
Q

Appendicitis

A

Located in mcburneys point
DX: physical exam positive for rebound tenderness, rovsing sign, psoas sign

37
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Uncommon condition in infants
Causes food to be blocked from entering the small intestine
Characterized by PROJECTILE VOMITING and REGURGITATION
Needs surgical repair

38
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

The most common risk factors for developing PUD are NSAID use and H. pylori infections.

39
Q

Enuresis

A

involuntary urination, affects children past the age of 5, psychological or structural causes

40
Q

Stress Incontinence

A

loss of urine due to pressure on the bladder

41
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

inability to empty bladder, retention

42
Q

functional incontinence

A

affects the elderly population

43
Q

transient incontinence

A

temporary condition, due to infection, medications

44
Q

Gross total incontinence

A

urine leaks out the bladder, bladder no longer able to store

45
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

bladder loses control, due to nerve damage

46
Q

AUB (abnormal uterine bleeding)

A

irregularities in the menstrual cycle involving frequency, regularity, duration and volume of flow outside pregnancy
Acute: single episode of excessive bleeding that requires immediate medical attention
Chronic: related to abnormal menstrual bleeding for most of the previous 6 months

47
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence or suppression of menstruation for three or more cycles. Related to tumors, estrogen suppression, anemia, reduction in body fat etc

48
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation that impairs ADL’s

49
Q

what bacteria causes most UTI’s

A

Escherichia coli, a gram-negative aerobic bacterium that is a normal part of the intestinal flora, accounts for 75% to 95% of UTIs

50
Q

AKI (acute kidney injury)

A

sudden loss of renal function over a period of days to weeks. This loss, which is generally reversible, most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients
causes:
Prerenal conditions: which disrupt blood flow on its way to the kidneys
Intrarenal conditions: which directly damage the structures of the kidneys
Postrenal conditions: which interfere with the urine excretion (blockage)

51
Q

AKI Symptoms

A

oliguric phase:
Decreased urine output
Electrolyte disturbances (usually increased levels)
Fluid volume excess
Azotemia
Metabolic acidosis
In the diuretic phase, manifestations include:
diuretic phase:
Increased urine output
Electrolyte disturbances (usually decreased levels)
Dehydration
Hypotension

52
Q

CKD (chronic kidney disease)

A

gradual, irreversible loss of renal function.
causes:
DM
hypertension
urine obstruction
renal disease
sickle cell
lupus
smoking

53
Q

(nephrolithiasis) (kidney stones) Renal Calculi

A

-hard masses of crystals composed of minerals that the kidneys normally excrete
-most common cause of urinary obstruction
-Colicky pain in the flank area that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
Bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine
Dysuria
Frequency
Genital discharge
Nausea and vomiting
Fever and chills (if an infection is present)

54
Q

nephroblastoma

A

rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children

55
Q

Renal cell carcinoma

A

most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50–70 years of age)

56
Q

Bladder cancer

A

any cancer that forms in the tissue of the bladder

57
Q

hepatitis A mode of transmission

A

fecal-oral

58
Q

hepatitis B mode of transmission

A

perinatal
blood/skin

59
Q

hep C mode of transmission

A

blood/skin

60
Q

hep D mode of transmission

A

blood

61
Q

hep E mode of transmission

A

fecal oral

62
Q
A

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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