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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Exam 2 review questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

The patient exhibits bronze color skin tone, weight loss, loss of appetite because they are suffering from?

A

addisons disease

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2
Q

PCOS clinical manifestations include

A

infertility, increase facial hair, dark patches in the body folds

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3
Q

Hepatitis A can be contracted by?

A

fecal-oral route

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4
Q

pyloric stenosis clinical manifestations include

A

projectile vomiting, regurgitation

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5
Q

a medication that causes diuresis or is known as a diuretic, causes what symptoms

A

increased urine output

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6
Q

Patients with sickle cell disease or some anemias (males) may experience this type of problem

A

priapism

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7
Q

herpes is characterized by

A

red vesicles in the genital area

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8
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) include

A

tremors, weight loss, tachycardia

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9
Q

Type 1 Diabetes is cause by

A

pancreas is unable to make insulin

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10
Q

An example of a mechanical bowel obstruction is

A

intussusception

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11
Q

A major complication of hypothyroidism is called:

A

myxedema coma

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12
Q

Patient presents with complaints of incontinence symptoms when she coughs, sneezes, or laugh, what is this type

A

stress incontinence

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13
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is characterized by

A

overproduction of ADH which causes the body to retain water

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14
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome include

A

moon face, buffalo hump

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15
Q

Patient presents with severe, right upper quadrant pain, colicky in nature is suffering form

A

cholecystitis

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16
Q

Patient reports recent thyroidectomy due to a malignant tumor, he presents with muscle weakness and hypocalcemia due to

A

hypoparathyroidism

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17
Q

what are Complications of Type 1 Diabetes

A

neuropathy
delay wound healing
retinopathy

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18
Q

A decrease in estrogen which may cause menstrual disturbances is called

A

amenorrhea

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19
Q

Chronic Stress- During stressful times, the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, which in turn increases glucose levels?

A

true

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20
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by

A

underproduction of ADH, causing the kidneys to excrete too much fluid

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21
Q

what causes pyelonephritis?

A

infection in the kidneys

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22
Q

Main cause of chronic kidney disease include

A

hypertension and diabetes

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23
Q

Causes of nephrolithiasis include

A

decrease fluid intake leading to dehydration

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24
Q

antibiotic induced diarrhea may be caused by

A

destruction of normal flora

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25
Chronic Stress- During stressful times, the adrenal cortex releases cortisol, causing glucose levels to rise
true
26
Hemoglobin A1C is used to check a diabetic patient
average blood sugar in the last 2-3 months
27
One of the main causes of Peptic Ulcer disease
H. pylori
28
Over production of somatotropin (GH) hormone causes
Gigantism
29
Cholelithiasis
BILIARY COLIC (abdominal cramping and pain that worsens after a fatty meal) Abdominal pain (especially in the right upper and middle upper quadrants; may radiate to the back or right shoulder) Abdominal distention Nausea and vomiting Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) Clay-colored stools (due to the lack of bile) Fever Leukocytosis Tachycardia Hypotension Causes: chemical imbalance within the contents of the gallbladder in which the bile contains too much cholesterol or bilirubin Risk Factors: 5 F’s Fat, female, forty, fertile, fair skin
30
Peritonitis
Causes: Appendix rupture Bowel perforation Ruptured gallbladder or spleen Peritoneal dialysis Signs: Sudden and severe pain Abdominal rigidity, board like abdomen from inflammation and spasms
31
Pancreatitis -Acute
Most common cause: cholelithiasis clinical manifestations are SUDDEN and SEVERE: Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest Nausea and vomiting Mild jaundice Fever Blood pressure and pulse changes (may be increased or decreased)
32
Pancreatitis -Chronic
Most common cause: Alcohol abuse Clinical manifestations are GRADUAL: Upper abdominal pain Indigestion Losing weight without trying Steatorrhea (oily, fatty, odorous stools) Flatulence
33
Diverticulitis
Causes: Infected pouch-like structures (diverticula) in the wall of the large intestine (diverticulosis). Blockage or filling of a diverticulum by stool in the colon. Aging and heredity. Diet low in fiber and high in refined foods. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Obesity, smoking, low exercise, and certain medications. SX: Asymptomatic until condition is serious bleeding low-grade fever abdominal tenderness (usually in the left lower quadrant), abdominal distention, constipation, obstipation (severe constipation usually caused by an intestinal obstruction), nausea, vomiting, a palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis.
34
Crohn's Disease
An insidious, slow-developing, progressive condition that often emerges in adolescence Usually affects the intestines, especially the distal ileum and colon; however, it may occur anywhere along the gi tract COBBLESTONE APPEARANCE Causes: Crohn’s disease begins with crypt inflammation and abscesses that progress to small focal aphthoid ulcers. *joint pain or soreness, debilitating Abdominal cramping and pain (typically in the right lower quadrant and may occur with defecation) Diarrhea (usually watery) *Steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea) Constipation (as the intestinal lumen narrows) Palpable abdominal mass (thickened intestinal wall) Hematochezia (gross, red blood; rare unless ulcers begin bleeding) Anorexia Mouth ulcers Weight loss Indications of inflammation (e.g., fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise)
35
Ulcerative Colitis
The ulceration usually begins in the rectum and extends in a continuous segment to involve the entire colon Long term imflammatory disease Inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum BLOODY PUS FILLED DIARRHEA Rectal bleeding Tenesmus (persistent rectal spasms associated with the need to defecate) Proctitis (inflammation of the rectum)
36
Appendicitis
Located in mcburneys point DX: physical exam positive for rebound tenderness, rovsing sign, psoas sign
37
Pyloric Stenosis
Uncommon condition in infants Causes food to be blocked from entering the small intestine Characterized by PROJECTILE VOMITING and REGURGITATION Needs surgical repair
38
Peptic Ulcer Disease
The most common risk factors for developing PUD are NSAID use and H. pylori infections.
39
Enuresis
involuntary urination, affects children past the age of 5, psychological or structural causes
40
Stress Incontinence
loss of urine due to pressure on the bladder
41
Overflow Incontinence
inability to empty bladder, retention
42
functional incontinence
affects the elderly population
43
transient incontinence
temporary condition, due to infection, medications
44
Gross total incontinence
urine leaks out the bladder, bladder no longer able to store
45
Neurogenic bladder
bladder loses control, due to nerve damage
46
AUB (abnormal uterine bleeding)
irregularities in the menstrual cycle involving frequency, regularity, duration and volume of flow outside pregnancy Acute: single episode of excessive bleeding that requires immediate medical attention Chronic: related to abnormal menstrual bleeding for most of the previous 6 months
47
Amenorrhea
absence or suppression of menstruation for three or more cycles. Related to tumors, estrogen suppression, anemia, reduction in body fat etc
48
Dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation that impairs ADL’s
49
what bacteria causes most UTI's
Escherichia coli, a gram-negative aerobic bacterium that is a normal part of the intestinal flora, accounts for 75% to 95% of UTIs
50
AKI (acute kidney injury)
sudden loss of renal function over a period of days to weeks. This loss, which is generally reversible, most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients causes: Prerenal conditions: which disrupt blood flow on its way to the kidneys Intrarenal conditions: which directly damage the structures of the kidneys Postrenal conditions: which interfere with the urine excretion (blockage)
51
AKI Symptoms
oliguric phase: Decreased urine output Electrolyte disturbances (usually increased levels) Fluid volume excess Azotemia Metabolic acidosis In the diuretic phase, manifestations include: diuretic phase: Increased urine output Electrolyte disturbances (usually decreased levels) Dehydration Hypotension
52
CKD (chronic kidney disease)
gradual, irreversible loss of renal function. causes: DM hypertension urine obstruction renal disease sickle cell lupus smoking
53
(nephrolithiasis) (kidney stones) Renal Calculi
-hard masses of crystals composed of minerals that the kidneys normally excrete -most common cause of urinary obstruction -Colicky pain in the flank area that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin Bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine Dysuria Frequency Genital discharge Nausea and vomiting Fever and chills (if an infection is present)
54
nephroblastoma
rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children
55
Renal cell carcinoma
most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50–70 years of age)
56
Bladder cancer
any cancer that forms in the tissue of the bladder
57
hepatitis A mode of transmission
fecal-oral
58
hepatitis B mode of transmission
perinatal blood/skin
59
hep C mode of transmission
blood/skin
60
hep D mode of transmission
blood
61
hep E mode of transmission
fecal oral
62

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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