Exam 2 Review - Nutrition, Breastfeeding, Dental, Newborn, Infancy Flashcards
(54 cards)
Weight gain / week at 2 months (oz per week)
4-7 ounces per week
height growth per month at 2 months (cm/month)
3.5 cm per month
OFC increase in CM/month from 0-6 months of age
1-2cm/month OFC
Breastfeeding benefits for infant
provides ideal nutrition and promotes best possible growth and development
significantly decreases the incidence of diarrhea, lower respiratory tract infections, OM, botulism, UTI
may be protective against inflammatory bowel disease, leukemias, certain DM1
lowers the risk of obesity
promotes healthy neurological development
may reduce incidence of atopic illness such as eczema
promotes close mother-infant connection
breastfeeding benefits for mother
increases oxytocin = less postpartum bleeding
earlier return to pre pregnancy weight, increased child spacing, reduced risk premenopausal breast cancer
lactation amenorrhea promotes recovery of maternal iron stores depleted during pregnancy
breastfeeding lowers risk for maternal chronic disease such as HTN, DM2, CAD
in most children the 20 primary teeth are fully erupted by what age
2 years old
Shedding and replacement of primary molars by permanent premolars is usually completed by what age
12 years old
when should children have first dental visit
before 12 months or within 6 months of first tooth eruption
clinical findings of early tooth decay
white or brown horizontal line or spots along central gum line or gingival margin
clinical findings of advanced tooth decay
cavitations in teeth
initial lesion appears as pinhole surrounded by a white opaque halo
birth to 3 year vitamin D supplementation dose
400 IU
4-18 years vitamin D supplementation dose
600 IU
vitamin D supplementation in BF infants vs formula fed infants
all breastfed infants should receive 400 IU vitamin D supplementation - per bright futures start at 2 month visit
all FF infants that receive fortified formula at least 32oz/day do NOT need vitamin D supplementation
iron supplementation in BF infants vs FF infants
term healthy infants have enough iron stores to make it to 4 months
BF: rec 1mg/kg/day iron drops starting at 4 months until iron/zinc foods introduced (ex: iron fortified cereal)
FF: infants who receive 17oz/500mL fortified formula do NOT need iron supplementation
when should solids be introduced
6 months or when infant is developmentally ready
developmental signs baby is ready to introduce solids
- tongue thrust reflex disappears (infant uses tongue to move food out of mouth)
- looks interested in food/eating (opens mouth, leans forward)
- elevating tongue - helps move food forward/back in mouth (usually starts between 4-6 months)
what type of solids should you introduce first?
-start with thinned out pureed foods with no chunks/lumps - ex: liquify iron fortified cereal with some breast milk or formula
can then slowly introduce thicker pureed foods as baby further develops - ex: at 6 months can sit independently and grasp food with palms –> may be ready to try thicker pureed or mashed solids; at 9 months can use jaw/tongue to mash food and may be ready for pureed foods with lumps
when should you start finger foods? what are good food options?
7-9 months: pincer grasp develops - should have 2 finger pincer grasp down by 12 months
any food baby can pick up = finger foods
good foods to try: dissolvable (ex: iron fortified cereal, crackers)
foods to avoid in infants
nuts, grapes, hotdogs, popcorn, honey (botulism), carrots, candy, cows milk, egg whites, peanut butter
how frequently should you introduce a new food? how much?
one new food every 3-5 days
start with 1tsp; advance to 1 tbsp
nutritional norms 1-4 years
- after first year, appetite decreases - diminished intake but foods with higher caloric density for growth
- picky eating normal
- introduce 3 meals with 2-3 snacks
- can introduce cows milk/soy milk - rec 2-3 cups/day
- limit juice to 4-6oz
- independence important - encourage finger foods, give spoon 12-15 months even if still feeding baby
- choking risk
- do NOT allow grazing
anticipatory guidance picky eating
- picky eating is normal during toddler years and foods jags normal
- do not offer alternatives - food jags will usually disappear by school age if parent offers variety of foods
- parents = role models - still need to tell what foods are healthy / make choices surrounding food while allowing independence
- do NOT allow grazing
when should you introduce spoon?
12-15 months - introduce and let infant play with spoon even if parent still doing the feeding
common feeding concerns age 1
constipation, lactose intolerance, picky, anemia, choking, dental caries, growth lag
