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Vision Science 2 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the unique direction associated with each retinal image location?

A

Oculocentric visual direction

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2
Q

What is oculocentric visual direction also known as?

A

Local sign

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3
Q

What is the perceived direction of an object relative to the body?

A

Cyclopean direction

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4
Q

What is another phrase for cyclopean direction?

A

Egocentric direction

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5
Q

What 2 elements contribute to the perception of egocentric direction?

A
  1. Oculocentric direction

2. Direction of gaze

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6
Q

What 2 elements contribute to complete egocentric localization?

A
  1. Egocentric direction

2. Distance (from stereopsis)

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7
Q

What do corresponding points share?

A

Visual direction

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8
Q

What is the locus of all points in space that image on corresponding retinal points?

A

Horopter

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9
Q

What criterion does the IVD horopter use?

A

Identical visual direction

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10
Q

What horopter is considered the “purest” way to measure the empirical horopter?

A

IVD horopter

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11
Q

What type of task does the IVD horopter rely on?

A

Vernier task

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12
Q

Where do the locus of points for the AFPP horopter appear in relation to the fixation target?

A

At the same stereoscopic distance

Parallel to the face like a picket fence

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13
Q

What does AFPP stand for?

A

Apparent
Fronto
Parallel
Plane

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14
Q

What is fixation disparity?

A

Convergence error relative to fixation

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15
Q

Regarding over-convergence and under-convergence, what would eso and exo deviations be?

A

Over-convergence: eso deviation

Under-convergence: exo deviation

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16
Q

What is located at the center of Panum’s fusional space?

A

Singleness horopter

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17
Q

At what location are stereoacuity thresholds at their lowest?

A

Minimum stereoacuity threshold horopter

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18
Q

Through what 2 points of each eye does the Veith-Muller circle run?

A
  1. Fixation point

2. Nodal point

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19
Q

What is a major assumption of the Veith-Muller circle?

A

Corresponding retinal points are distributed symmetrically

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20
Q

What is a major reason for the difference between the theoretical and empirical horopter?

A

Differences in arrangement of corresponding retinal elements

21
Q

What is the angular deviation between the empirical horopter and the Veith-Muller circle known as?

A

Hering-Hillebrand deviation

Also known as the H deviation

22
Q

How does the empirical horopter change relative to the observer as fixation distance increases?

A

Horopter becomes more convex relative to the observer as fixation distance increases

23
Q

What is abathic distance?

A

Viewing distance at which the shape of the horopter is flat

24
Q

What planes are coincident at the abathic distance?

A
  1. Objective plane

2. Apparent frontal plane

25
Q

What 2 points is the external longitudinal angle formed by?

A
  1. Fixation point

2. Secondary Point

26
Q

When R is not equal to 1, what will the empirical horopter exhibit?

A

Tilt

Towards one of the two eyes

27
Q

The analytical plot graphs the R-coefficient as a function of what?

A

Tangent of alpha-2

28
Q

The slope of the analytical plot is given by what value?

A

H-coefficient

29
Q

If H is not equal to 0, how does the empirical horopter appear relative to the Veith-Muller circle?

A

Either flatter or steeper in curvature

30
Q

What is aniseikonia?

A

Difference in size and/or shape of two retinal images

31
Q

What is anisometropia?

A

Difference in refractive error between the two eyes

32
Q

What is the most common cause of aniseikonia?

A

Anisometropia

33
Q

What is anisophoria?

A

Phoria that varies in different positions of gaze

34
Q

What would a meridional size lens of axis 90 do to an image?

A

Magnify image in the horizontal meridian

35
Q

How would the geometric effect impacting the right eye cause the gaze normal plane to appear?

A

Tilted away on the right side

36
Q

What would a meridional size lens of axis 180 do to an image?

A

Magnify image in the vertical meridian

37
Q

What kind of disparity would magnification in the vertical meridian of one eye create?

A

Vertical disparity

38
Q

What effect does vertical magnification over one eye produce?

A

Induced effect

39
Q

With the induced effect, which horopter rotates? Which horopter does not rotate?

A

AFFP horopter rotates

IVD horopter does not rotate

40
Q

What effect occurs when magnification of one eye is 5% greater than the other eye?

A

Geometric effect

Unopposed because the induced effect breaks down

41
Q

Will the induced effect and geometric effect ever cancel each other out? If so, when?

A

Yes

With small amounts of overall magnification

42
Q

Around what axis do the induced and geometric effects cause the gaze normal plane to appear to rotate?

A

Vertical axis

43
Q

Around what axis does the oblique effect cause the gaze normal plane to appear to rotate?

A

Horizontal axis

44
Q

What is declination?

A

Rotation of the vertical meridians toward the magnification meridian in oblique magnification

45
Q

What effect do Base Out prisms have on the gaze normal plane?

A

Plane appears to bend toward the observer

46
Q

What effect do Base In prisms have on the gaze normal plane?

A

Plane appears to bend away from the observer

47
Q

Which half of the empirical horopter exhibits a tilt away from the observer?

A

Top half tilts away

48
Q

Which half of the empirical horopter exhibits a tilt toward the observer?

A

Bottom half tilts toward

Vision Science 2 (6 decks)

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