Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Is made by catabolic reactions and provides the energy for anabolic reactions.

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

Question 2

Also known as immunoglobulins, these protein molecules secreted by plasma cells; and can activate complement cascades, neutralize antigens and promote phagocytosis of targeted antigens.

Answer 2

Antibody breakdown: (Antibodies

Question 3

Combine energy and molecules to build new substances.

Answer 3

Anabolic Pathways

Question 4

Also known as biosynthetic reactions, involve dehydration synthesis reactions and tend to be endergonic. Amino acids build proteins, nucleotides, build nucleic acids, and simple sugars build polysaccharides.

Answer 4

Anabolic Reactions

Question 5

Immune evasion tactic used by a pathogen in which it may conceal antigenic features so the immune system doesn’t quickly mount an attack; accomplished in a number of ways, such as pathogen coating itself with hose molecules, so it may masquerade as part of the body.

Answer 5

Antigen Masking

Question 6

Has a dual role and can be used for both breaking down and building substances.

Answer 6

Amphibolic Pathway

Question 7

Also considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease. It can also protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages.

Answer 7

Capsule protection

Question 8

Break down substances and release energy.

Answer 8

Catabolic Pathways

Question 9

Are generally hydrolytic and exergonic, example a cell breaking down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 9

Catabolic Reactions

Question 10

A collection of reactions that extract energy from foods using redox reactions and then transfer that energy into the bonds of ATP; occurs through the combined efforts of glycolysis, an intermediate step, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Answer 10

Cellular Respiration

Question 11

Refers to the general flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein; the revised central dogma takes into account that RNA can be used as a template for DNA. The two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA to RNA to protein.

Answer 11

Central Dogma

Question 12

Effects that occur as pathogens establish themselves in the host and damage host cells; these effects can kill the cell (Cytocidal), or simply damage it (non-cytocidal).

Answer 12

Cytopathic Effects

Question 13

A form of transmission in which the host comes into physical contact with the source of the pathogen.

Answer 13

Direct Contact Transmission

Question 14

An imbalance between the types of organism present in a person’s natural microflora, especially that of the gut, thought to contribute to a range of conditions of ill health.

Answer 14

Dysbiosis

Question 15

Also called respiratory chains; these chains are collections of factors that pass electrons to one another in a series of redox reactions to generate a proton gradient that fuels the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP; electron transport chains can be aerobic or anaerobic.

Answer 15

Electron Transport System

Question 16

Describes infections that are routinely detected in a population or region.

Answer 16

Endemic

Question 17

A scenario where the pathogen comes from the host’s own body.

Answer 17

Endogenous Source

Question 18

The lipid. A region of lipopolysaccharide; poisonous to us and other animals and is mainly released by Gram-negative bacteria when they die.

Answer 18

Endotoxins

Question 19

Bacterial exotoxins that target the intestines; ingested enterotoxins may trigger intestinal inflammation that prevents water from absorbing into the intestine, causing diarrhea and abdominal pain; enterotoxins may also be emetic (trigger vomiting).

Answer 19

Enterotoxins

Question 20

Are protein catalysts that help chemical reactions occur under cellular conditions.

Answer 20

Enzymes

Question 21

A branch of medicine that aims to understand prevent illness in communities.

Answer 21

Epidemiology

Question 22

A source of infecting pathogen that is external to the host.

Answer 22

Exogenous Source

Question 23

Toxic soluble proteins made by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that affect a wide range of cells; these protein toxins are often named based on the organism that makes toxin or the type of cells the toxin targets; usually classified into three main families based on their mode of action.

Answer 23

Exotoxins

Question 24

An inanimate object that can harbor pathogens; examples include doorknobs, used needles, toys in a busy childcare center, etc.

Answer 24

Fomite

Question 25

The genetic make-up of an organism.

Answer 25

Genotype

Question 26

Also called the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway; the first stage in aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate catabolism in which energy is extracted from carbohydrates. Consists of ten reactions that occur in two basic stages: Energy investment stage and payoff stage. It also does not require oxygen. Requires glucose, a six carbon sugar and initial investment of energy (2 ATP) to get the reaction going. The six-carbon glucose is split to make two molecules of pyruvic acid. The 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2NADH. The net gain is only two molecules of ATP molecules of glucose that is oxidized.

Answer 26

Glycolysis

Question 27

Also known as nosocomial infections; an infection that a patient develops while receiving care in a healthcare setting.

Answer 27

HAI

Question 28

Liver toxic; term applied to antimicrobial drugs that can induce liver damage and are leading agents of drug induced liver injury.

Answer 28

Hepatotoxins

Question 29

Occurs when genetic information is passed between cells by a process independent of cell division, and therefore separate from reproduction.

Answer 29

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 30

Dynamic give-and-take between microbe and host; not always damaging, in fact many host-microbe interactions are helpful.

Answer 30

Host-Microbe Interactions

Question 31

Term describing how many cells (bacterial, fungal, or parasitic) or virions are needed to establish an infection in 50 percent of exposed susceptible host; the more infectious the pathogen is, the lower its ID50.

Answer 31

Infectious Dose

Question 32

Also called citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; this cycle is a series of redox reactions and decarboxylation reactions that begins with the formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and the acetyl-CoA made in the intermediate step; the Krebs cycle produces some ATP and a lot of the reduced cofactors NADH and FADH.

Answer 32

Krebs Cycle

Question 33

An example of an inducible operon that is induced, or actively transcribed, only when lactose is present and the cell’s preferred food, glucose, is absent.

Answer 33

Lactose Operon

Question 34

Vector organism that spreads disease without being integral to a pathogen’s life cycle.

Answer 34

Mechanical Disease Vector

Question 35

Collectively refers to the chemical reactions that organisms use to break down substances to release energy, as well as to reactions that use the released energy to build new substances. Chemical reactions that organisms use to break down substances to release energy as well as reactions that use the released energy to build new substances.

Answer 35

Metabolism

Question 36

Chemical, physical or biological agents that increase that rate of mutation.

Answer 36

Mutagens

Question 37

Errors in genetic material that can lead to changes in a protein’s primary structure; changes in the genetic material of a cell or virus.

Answer 37

Mutations

Question 38

A coenzyme that serves as an electron carrier and that is made from the B vitamin niacin. When it is reduced it is referred to as NADH. During oxidization it is known as NAD+.

Answer 38

NAD

Question 39

Kidney toxic. A term applied to antimicrobial drugs that include a long list of agents, with aminoglycosides being prevalent on the list.

Answer 39

Nephrotoxins

Question 40

The basic building blocks of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They have three basic parts: a phosphate, a sugar, and one nitrogen base that can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil.

Answer 40

Nucleotides

Question 41

A worldwide breakout of disease.

Answer 41

Pandemics

Question 42

The physiological and physical traits of an organism.

Answer 42

Phenotype

Question 43

Any site that a pathogen uses to enter the host.

Answer 43

Portals of Entry

Question 44

Any site that a pathogen uses to exit the host.

Answer 44

Portals of Exit

Question 45

Fever-inducing agents; many bacterial toxins act as pyrogens.

Answer 45

Pyrogens

Question 46

Involves oxidation and reduction reactions. Oxidizing agents carry out oxidation reactions. Reducing agents carry out reduction reactions.

Answer 46

Redox Reactions

Question 47

During DNA replication, the immediate point where unwinding occurs and new DNA is built.

Answer 47

Replication Fork

Question 48

The animate or inanimate habitat where the pathogen is naturally found.

Answer 48

Reservoir of the Infectious Agent

Question 49

Objective indicators of disease that can be measured or verified; common signs include fever, rash, or blood in stool.

Answer 49

Sign

Question 50

Indicators of disease that are sensed by the patient and are subjective rather than precisely measurable pain, fatigue, and nausea are examples.

Answer 50

Symptom

Question 51

Describes a disease that causes occasional infections in a population.

Answer 51

Sporadic

Question 52

Include a variety of bacterial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins, staphylococcal toxic shock toxin, and streptococcal exotoxins that generate the features of scarlet fever. They are especially potent T helper cell activators. They overstimulate the immune system to cause massive inflammation that harms the host; they also tend to cause fever (pyrogens).

Answer 52

Super Antigens

Question 53

The first stage of protein synthesis, in which genes in DNA are copied into a new format of RNA.

Answer 53

Transcription

Question 54

The second stage of protein synthesis, a process that entails reading mRNA to build proteins.

Answer 54

Translation

Question 55

The preference of a pathogen for a specific host and even a specific tissue within the host.

Answer 55

Tropism

Question 56

The ways pathogens overcome our defenses. They include features that help microbes adhere to host cells, invade host tissues, acquire nutrients, and evade immune defenses. They also include toxins, substances with diverse ways of thwarting the immune system or damaging our cells. Classic virulence factors include pathogens toxicity, aggressiveness, and transmission.

Answer 56

Virulence Factor

Question 57

A disease or infection that is passed from animals to humans.

Answer 57

Zoonotic

Question 58

Pharmalogical additives that enhance the body’s natural immune response to an antigen; often added to vaccines to encourage antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells.

Answer 58

Adjuvant

Question 59

The type of communal immunity that occurs when a pathogen won’t find enough suspectable people in the community to persist, even if a small number of individuals there remain unvaccinated; herd immunity allows nonvaccinated individuals, such as premature babies and immune-compromised patients, to still reap the protective benefits of immunization provided a sufficient percentage of the rest of the population is vaccinated.

Answer 59

Herd Immunity

Question 60

Regions of the pathogen genome that encode toxins, virulence factors, resistance mechanisms.

Answer 60

Pathogenicity Islands

Question 61

Sensitive enough to detect a single pathogen in a sample, creates billions of copies of a target gene in just a few hours. Required to perform a PCR includes a thermocycler.

Answer 61

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 62

A modified method that uses fluorescence imaging to visualize DNA copies as they are made-making the data “real time”, or immediate. This method is sometimes called quantitative PCR because it can quantify, or measure, how many copies of a particular gene were present in a sample from the start of the reaction.

Answer 62

PCR

Question 63

Procedure that originate in China in the 1400s to combat smallpox; in this procedure, the practitioner blew a powder made from the dried scabs of smallpox lesions into a healthy individual’s nose. The resulting smallpox infections tended to be milder, with only a 1-2 percent mortality rate compared to the 30 percent mortality associated with naturally acquired infections.

Answer 63

Variolation