Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Cellular, living microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and helminths.
Microorganisms
A pathogen that does not require a weakened host to cause disease.
True Pathogen
Pathogens that only cause disease when their host, is weakened in some way.
Opportunistic Pathogens
Four principles that establish the criteria for determining the causative agent of an infectious disease:
- ) The same organism must be present in every case of the disease.
- ) The organism must be isolated from the diseased host and frown as pure culture.
- ) The isolated organism should cause the disease in question when it is introduced into a susceptible host.
- ) The organism must then be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal.
Koch’s Postulate of Disease
Also known as nosocomial infections; an infection that a patient develops while receiving care in a healthcare setting.
Health acquired infection, HAI
Germ free practices; term applied to techniques designed to prevent the introduction of contaminating microbes to a patient, a clinical sample, or others in the healthcare setting; methods that present healthcare- acquired infections by preventing the introduction of potentially dangerous microbes.
Aseptic Technique
States that microbes cause infectious diseases.
Germ theory of disease
Normal human flora, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes.
Normal Microbiota
A type of symbiotic relationship that has no perceived benefit or cost to them.
Commensalism
A type of symbiotic relationship that hurts the host.
Parasitism
A type of symbiotic relationship that helps the host.
Mutualistic
A term describing the general ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.
Pathogenic
Sticky microbial communities made up of single or diverse species; they allow microbes to coordinate responses with an environment.
Biofilms
Differential staining procedure that distinguishes between cells with and without waxy mycolic acid cell walls; mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae are examples of clinically important acid-fast bacteria.
Acid Fast Stain
A staining procedure that allowed us to classify bacteria as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative; Following the gram staining procedure gram positive cells appear purple while gram negative appear pink. The final outcome of the gram stain is based on the cell wall properties of the stained cells.
Gram stain
Is a differential stain used to visualize bacterial endospores. Endospores are formed by a few genera of bacteria, such as Bacillus. By forming spores, bacteria can survive in hostile conditions. Spores are resistant to heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation.
Spore stain
Staining techniques that use just one dye; typically only size, shape, and cellular arrangement can be determined using simple stains.
Simple Stain
Includes the prokaryotes people encounter on an everyday basis. Most bacterial species are heterotrophic; that is, they acquire their food from organic matter. The largest number of bacteria are saprobic, meaning that they feed on dead or decaying organic matter.
Domain Bacteria
Organisms that are all unicellular and lack a membrane bound nucleus. They also lack other membrane bound organelles, and have a much simpler genetic makeup that eukaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic Cells
The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted), however pleomorphic bacteria can assume several shapes. Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another.
Shape or arrangement of a prokaryote
Cells appear pink, thin layer of peptoglygican
Gram negative
Cells appear purple thick layer of peptoglycigan
Gram Positive
Bacteria (also known as acid-fast bacilli or AFB) are microorganisms resistant to decolorization by an acid, hence, the term acid-fast. Acid fastness is a unique characteristic of M. tuberculosis. However, other mycobacterial species may exhibit the same feature.
Acid Fast Mycolic acid
A term that describes cells with a single flagellum.
Monotrichous Flagella
A term applied to cells with a tuft or cluster of flagella at one pole of the cell.
Lophotrichous Flagella
Flagella located in the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. These unique flagella allow spirochetes to move with their distinct corkscrew motion.
Periplasmic Flagella
A term that describes cells with one or more flagella present at each end of the cell.
Amphitrichous Flagella
Organisms that can thrive between about-20C and 10C and that tend to live in environments that are consistently cold like the artic.
Psychrophiles
Cold tolerant organisms that grow at about 0-30C and are associated with foodborne illness because they grow at room temperature as well as in refrigerated and frozen foods.
Psychotrophs
Organisms that prefer moderate temperatures and tend to grow best around 10-50C, a grange that includes body temperatures. Most pathogens are part of the mesophilic temperature group and cover a broad range of the plane, from soil to streams to dwelling in eukaryotic organisms.
Mesophiles
Organisms that prefer warm temperatures of roughly 40-75C; they dwell in compost piles and hot springs.
Thermophiles
Organisms that thrive in high salt environments.
Halophiles
Self feeding organisms, such as plants and other photosynthetic organisms, that use carbon fixation to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon.
Autotroph
Organisms that can harvest energy from light to make ATP.
Phototroph
Organisms that break down chemical compounds for energy; organisms that rely on energy found in the chemical bonds of their nutrients to make ATP.
Chemotroph
Organisms, such as humans, that cannot fix carbon; they require an external source of organic carbon in order to live and grow.
Heterotroph
Technique that helps to isolate a specific species of microbe for study, accomplished by spreading the sample thinly enough on an agar plate, so that the various cells in the sample are sufficiently separated and can give rise to individual colonies.
Streak Plate Technique
A sticky carbohydrate-based structure made by some prokaryote. A well-organized glycocalyx that is tightly associated with the cell wall. Presence of a capsule often increases pathogenicity the ability to cause disease, since it promotes adhesion to host tissues, and provides some protection against host immune cells by interfering with phagocytes.
Capsule protection
Decontamination measure that eliminate all bacteria, viruses, and endospores.
Sterilization
Chemical agents that kill spores. Agents include gluteraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, iodine/iodophors, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid.
Sporicidal
The shortest period of time that a given temperature must be held to kill all microbes in a sample.
Thermal Death Time
The minimum temperature needed to kill all microbes in a s sample within ten minutes.
Thermal Death Point
A enveloped virus that has an outer wrapping or envelope. This envelope comes from the infected cell, or host, in a process called “budding off.” During the budding process, newly formed virus particles become “enveloped” or wrapped in an outer coat that is made from a small piece of the cell’s plasma membrane.
Least resistant microogranisms
Prions are misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals.
Most Resistant Microorganisms
A British surgeon whose work in the 1860s proved that sterilizing instruments, and sanitizing wounds with carbolic acid encouraged healing and prevented pus formation. Aseptic technique.
Joseph Lister
Refined earlier versions of the microscope and was the first to see bacteria.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
A Scientist, who in the late 1800s, showed that biogenesis is responsible for the propagation of life; disproved spontaneous generation using his S-necked flask experiment.
Louis Pasteur
(also known as systematic, phyletic or taxonomic order) is a sequence followed in listing of taxa which aids ease of use and roughly reflects the evolutionary relationships among the taxa.
Taxonomic Sequence
Single-species of microbes in a sample; pure cultures do not tend to exist in natural settings.
Pure Culture
A culture with at least two characteristically different colonies.
Mixed Culture
Also known as enriched media; contain a mixture of organic and inorganic nutrients that are not fully defined; instead, they contain more complex ingredients like blood, milk proteins, or yeast extract.
Complex Media
Also called synthetic media; media with a precisely known composition; each organic and inorganic component is completely known and quantified.
Defined Media
Specialized media that are formulated to allow us to visually distinguishing one microbe from another based on how they metabolize media components.
Differential Media
Media that single out bacteria with specific properties, which is accomplished by including ingredients in the media that foster the growth of certain bacteria while suppressing the growth of others.
Selective Media
Decontamination measure that reduces microbial numbers. The destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. usually used only on inanimate objects.
Disinfection
The practice of using antiseptics to eliminate the microorganisms that cause disease. Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.
Antisepsis/Degermation
Interventions or treatments that remove or reduce most microbial populations to render an object safe for handling.
Decontamination/sanitization
Another method of asexual reproduction that certain fungi and some bacteria such as Hyphomicrobium reproduce this way.
Budding
A type of formation that can be sexual or asexual while in bacteria it is asexual.
Spore Formation
The time it takes for a particular species of cell to divide.
Generation Time
As bacteria divide by binary fission, one cell turns to two, two to four, four to eight and so on.
Exponential
Cells alter their gene expression in response to their new setting. For example they make new enzymes and transporter proteins so that they can take up and metabolize nutrients provided in their new environment
Lag Phase
If the growth conditions are optimized for nutrients, pH level and temperature, then once the cells have adjusted to their new environment, then will enter a phase of rapid exponential growth.
Log Phase
The population growth rate slows and eventually levels off as the number of cells dying matches the number of cells dividing.
Stationary phase (3)
A critical point of waste buildup and decreasing nutrients, the cell begins to die.
Death Phase
Fresh growth medium is added at one end of the culturing device, while waste, nutrient-depleted medium, and excess cells are removed at another end fate system to maintain a constant culture volume.
Chemostat
Breaks down red blood cells
Beta hemolytic
Partial break down of red blood cells
Alpha hemolytic
Do not break down red blood cells
gamma hemolytic
Most bacteria can not grow on this medium due to its high salt content.
Mannitol salt aga
Allows for direct enumeration of bacteria using agar plates. Applied to agar using either the spread plate method or pour plate method. After the incubation period, colonies are visible and can be counted.
Viable plate count
A microbial control method that uses; more specifically dry via incineration or a dry oven which both provide sterilization.
Physical Agents Heat
A microbial control method that uses; more specifically moist with steam pressure resulting in sterilization or boiling water which causes disinfection
Physical Agents Heat
A microbial method that uses ; Ionizing via X-ray, cathode, or gamma providing sterilization.
Physically agent Radiation
A form of microbial control methods that provides sterilization or disinfection.
Chemical agent Gases
A form of microbial control using them on animate objects known as anti sepsis.
Chemical agents liquids
Microbial control method on inanimate objects resulting in disinfection or sterilization
Chemical agents liquids
Microbial control methods that involve filtration with air resulting in decontamination or liquids resulting in sterilization.
mechanical removes methods
The genetic material and extra chromosomal carriers or resistant genes
Plasmid
rRNA, creates proteins.
Ribosomes
Chromosomes are found here.
Nucleoid area
Acts as storage or saves info
granules
Made of peptidoglycan
cell wall
The phospholipid bilayer, lipid tail which is hydrophobic, and lipid head hydrophilic controlling selective permeability
Plasma membrane
Not an organelle, collection of a substance
inclusion bodies
Found in the lungs causes bordetella pertussis or whooping cough. Need oxygen
Obligate aerobe
Found in the lungs and cause mycobacterium tuberculosis and can survive with or without oxygen.
Facultative anaerobe
Found in the lungs and cause mycoplasma pneumoniae requires oxygen to survive.
obligate aerobe
Found in the blood and lymph causes either borrelia burgdorferi(Lyme disease) and can cause treponema pallidum(syphilis) limit their exposure to ROS still meet Oxygen needs
microaerophiles
Found in the blood and lymph causes yersinia pestis(plague) can be with or without oxygen
Facultative anaerobe
Found in the skin and can causes staphylococcus aureus(staph infection) can be with or without oxygen
facultative anaerobe
Found in the skin and causes propibacterium acnes
aerotolerant anaerobe
Found in the stomach and causes helicobacter pylori(ulcers) only use small amounts of oxygen.
microaerophiles
Found in the large intestines and cause clostridium difficile and do not use oxygen
Obilgate anaerobe
Found in the large intestines causing salmonella and can live with oxygen or without oxygen.
facultative anaerobe.
