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COB - Human Genetics > Exam 2 - Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What conclusions did Beadle and Tatum make pertaining to the gene-protein relation?

A

A single gene encodes a single enzyme

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2
Q

What is the region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes termed?

A

Telomeres

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3
Q

What is the region on the chromosome where there spindle fiber attaches via the kinetochore? Essential for chromosome separation.

A

Centromere structure

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4
Q

What is the funciton of telomeres?

A

Protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosome

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5
Q

What biological outcomes are associated with shorter telomeres?

A

Shorter life span and increased incidence of disease

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6
Q

What complex of proteins assoicated with centromeres of a chromosome aloow the spindle to attach during cell division?

A

Kinitochore

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7
Q

Cylindrical cell organelle, located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis.

A

Centriole

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8
Q

If a chromosome where to break and one of the fragments did not have a centromere what would occur?

A

The fragment without the centromere would degrade

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9
Q

Enzyme responsible for adding and removing turns in the coil (i.e. DNA coil).

A

Topoisomerase

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10
Q

What permits the attaction of histones to DNA?

A

Histones are positively charged and DNA is negatively charged

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11
Q

Complex formed by DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins.

A

Nucleosome

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12
Q

What is the difference in chromatin condensation between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin is less condensed and heterochromatin is more condensed

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13
Q

DNase I sensitivity sites tend to be at accesible chromatin. What can this be used to determine?

A

Gene expression

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14
Q

By testing DNase I sensitivity throughout a embryo’s lifetime researchers were able to conclude what?

A

Chromatin structure changes in the course of transcription

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15
Q

A heritable alteration of phenotype because of altered chromatin structure without changing DNA sequence.

A

Epigenetics

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16
Q

Tract of tandemly repeated DNA motif that ranges in length from two to five nucleotides typically repeated 5-50 times.

A

Microsatellite DNA

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17
Q

What is the goal of amplifying microsatellite DNA sequences?

A

Can help determine a persons “DNA fingerprint” as well as DNA profiling in cancer diagnosis

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18
Q

What would occur if the positive charges on the histone proteins was neutralized?

A

They would separate from DNA and the would not be attracted to each other

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19
Q

Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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20
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria/Chloroplast are similiar to eubacteria (i.e. circulat DNA, no histones, 70s ribosomal subunit, and grow via binary fission)

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21
Q

What is a popular example of uniparental inheritance of organelle-encoded traits in mammals?

A

Mitochondrial DNA is nearly exclusively inherited from female parent

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22
Q

The presence of more than one type of organellar genome.

A

Heteroplasmy

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23
Q

Seperation of organlles in heteroplasmic cells is guided/random.

A

Random

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24
Q

What has a higher mutaiton rate in vertebrates mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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25
Q

Most copies of mitochondrial DNA are different/identical.

A

Identical

26
Q

What is the association with aging and mitocondrial damge?

A

Proportional

27
Q

What is the purpose of pronuclear transfer?

A

Prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease (i.e. note this is not a flawless process)

28
Q

Why is pronuclear transfer not perfect?

A

There is some carry over from the mother with damaged mitochondria

29
Q

What were the conclusions of the Beadle and Tatum experiments?

A

Each enzyme is encoded by a single gene

30
Q

What is meant by a degenerate code?

A

AA may be specified by more than more codon

31
Q

What are synonymous codons?

A

Codons that specify the same AA

32
Q

What are isoaccepting tRNAs?

A

Different tRNAs that accept the same AA however they have different anticodons

33
Q

What are sense codons?

A

Encoding AA

34
Q

What is the Wobble hypothesis?

A

Essentially states that pair rules are flexible at the third nucleotide of a codon

35
Q

What is meant by nonoverlapping in genetics?

A

A single nucleotide may not be included in more than one codon

36
Q

Term for binding of AA to tRNA?

A

Charging

37
Q

What part of a tRNA does an AA bind to?

A

3’ (i.e. to an adenine)

38
Q

True/False: For each tRNA there is a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase that facilitates that attachment of AA to tRNA.

A

True

39
Q

What are Kozak Sequences?

A

Consensus sequences that signal the beginning of the coding sequence

40
Q

What components are required during initation of translation?

A

Initiation factors and GTP

41
Q

What proteins are recruited in the presence of a stop codon, they bind to the ribosome, and facilitate release of the polypeptide?

A

Release factors

42
Q

Generally what processes are involved in translation?

A

tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, and termination

43
Q

What is a polyribosome?

A

An mRNA with several ribosomes attached

44
Q

What are structural genes?

A

Genes that encode for non-regulatory proteins

45
Q

What are regulatory genes?

A

Genes that encode for proteins that interact with other sequences thus affecting transcription and translation of those sequences such as transcription factors

46
Q

What are regulatory elements?

A

DNA sequences that are not transcribed but regulate other nucleotide sequences

47
Q

What is constitutive expression?

A

Gene that are always expressed under normal cellular conditions

48
Q

What is positive control?

A

Control that stimulates gene expression

49
Q

What is negative control?

A

Control that inhibits gene expression

50
Q

60-90 AA responsible for binding to DNA, forming hydrogen bonds with DNA.

A

Domains

51
Q

Within a binding domain, a simple structure that fits into the major groove of the DNA.

A

Motif

52
Q

A DNA sequence encoding products that affect the operon function but are not part of the operon.

A

Regulator gene

53
Q

List some difference in gene expression control in eukaroytes and prokaryotes.

A

Eukaryotes - Structural genes have their own promoter and are transcribed indiviually, histone unwinding is required, and transcription and translation occur at seperate times and in different spaces

54
Q

Examples of histone modifications

A

Addition of methy group to histone protein tail and addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins

55
Q

What can be concluded using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)?

A

ID DNA-binding sites for a specific protein and locations of modified histone proteins

56
Q

A DNA sequence that stimulates transcription at a distance away from the promoter.

A

Enhancer

57
Q

DNA sequence that prevents or insulates that effects of an enhancer.

A

Insulator

58
Q

A multiprotein complex that acts as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. Transmits signals from transcription factors to polymerases.

A

Mediator

59
Q

Common regulatory elements upstream of the start sites of a collective group of genes in response to a common environmental stimulus

A

Response elements

60
Q

Small non-coding RNA that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

A

microRNA

61
Q

siRNAs and miRNAs usually bind to what part of the mRNA molecule?

A

3’ UTR

COB - Human Genetics (7 decks)

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