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Fall Pharm > Exam 2 review > Flashcards

Exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

2 Main nervous system categories:

A

Central and Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Afferent division

A

Go toward CNS (sensory info)

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3
Q

Efferent division

A

Go away from CNS (motor system)

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4
Q

2 divisions of peripheral nervous system:

A

Somatic (conscious control) and Autonomic (unaware)

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5
Q

2 branches of Autonomic nervous system:

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of a neuron located in the somatic nervous system?

A

In the brain

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7
Q

How many neurons create a chain in the autonomic nervous system?

A

2

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8
Q

Sympathetic response:

A 
Fight or flight
increase HR
increase BP
dilate bronchioles
shunt blood to muscles
restrict blood flow to GI
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9
Q

Parasympathetic response:

A

rest and digest
conserve energy
shunts blood to GI, endocrine, urogenital

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10
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is dominate most of the time?

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

Origin of fibers of parasympathetic:

A

craniosacral

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12
Q

Origin of fibers of sympathetic:

A

thoracolumbar

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13
Q

Length of fibers for Parasympathetic:

A

Long pre-ganglion and short post-ganglion

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14
Q

Length of fibers for sympathetic:

A

Short pre-ganglion and long post-ganglion

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15
Q

Primary neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system:

A

ACH

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16
Q

Parasympathetic works through: blood stream or direct innervation?

A

direct innervation

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17
Q

Sympathetic work through: blood stream or direct innervation?

A

Both

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18
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic system release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACH

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19
Q

Post-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic system release what neurotransmitter?

A

Norepi or ACH

Can be inhibitory or excitatory based on the receptor they bind to (not the neurotransmitter)

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20
Q

Sympathomimetics:

A

Drugs that mimic the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation.

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21
Q

Direct acting Sympathomimetics:

A

Bind to same places as Norepi (adrenergic receptor).

Epi, isoproterenol, albuterol

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22
Q

Indirect acting Sympathomimetics:

A

Don’t bind to the same receptor Norepi does, they prolong the effect of norepi.
Ephedrine and amphetamine

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23
Q

Inotropic

A

increase force

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24
Q

Chronotropic

A

increase rate

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25
Q

Sympatholytics

A

Stop the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (primarily given to decrease BP)
Receptor selective

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26
Q

Cholinergic receptors:

A

Will bind ACH
Muscarinic
Nicotinic

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27
Q

Adrenergic Receptors:

A

Will bind Norepi
Alpha, beta, dopamine
All are G-protein coupled receptors

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28
Q

Muscarinic M1:

A

Will inhibit sympathetic response. (activates downstream signaling; excitatory)
In CNS, sympathetic post-ganglionic neurone, some pre-synaptic sites.

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29
Q

Muscarinic M2:

A

In myocardium, smooth muscle, some pre-synaptic sites, CNS (Think of slowing down heart) (inhibitory)

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30
Q

Muscarinic M3:

A

Exocrine glands, vessels (smooth muscle and endothelium), CNS (excitatory)

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31
Q

Nicotinic-n (neuronal)

A

Post-ganglionic neurons, some pre-synaptic cholinergic terminals

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32
Q

Nicotinic-m (muscular)

A

Skeletal muscle neuromuscular end plates

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33
Q

Alpha-1

A

Primarily responsible for constriction of smooth muscle.
Usually found on peripheral vascular.
Postsynaptic effector cells (especially smooth muscle)

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34
Q

Alpha-2

A

Shutting down response of Alpha1 (if we stimulate A2=relax smooth muscle).
Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals, platelets, lipocytes, smooth muscle

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35
Q

Beta-1

A

Primarily heart.
Increases force and rate of contractions.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus of renal tubules

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36
Q

Beta-2

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in lungs.

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37
Q

Dopamine receptors:

D1 (AD1) & D5

A

Brain, effector tissue (especially smooth muscle of renal vascular bed)

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38
Q

Autoreceptor

A

A receptor that is on a neuron that binds to the same neurotransmitter being released by that neuron.
Inhibitory= negative feedback
Excitatory= positive feedback

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39
Q

Alpha-1 activates:

A

Phospholipase C which releases IP3 and DAG

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40
Q

Alpha-2 inhibits:

A

Adenylate cyclase which decreases cAMP

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41
Q

All Betas activate:

A

Adenylate cyclase which produces cAMP

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42
Q

Nicotinic receptors are..

A

ion channels
fast
located in NMJ

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43
Q

M1, M3, M5 activate:

A

Phospholipase C

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44
Q

M2, M4 inhibit:

A

Adenylate cyclase

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45
Q

Heteroreceptors

A

Receptors on a neuron that bind to a different neurotransmitter than the one the neuron is releasing.

46
Q

Another term for “parasympathomimetics”

A

Cholinomimetics

47
Q

Another term for “parasympatholytics”

A

Antimuscarinics

48
Q

Example of sympatholytic drug classes:

A

Alphs-blockers, Beta-blockers

49
Q

Example of sympathomimetics:

A

Epi/norepi and dopamine

50
Q

2 types of synapses:

A

Chemical and electrical

51
Q

Chemical synapses:

A

Release neurotransmitters

52
Q

Electrical synapses:

A

Are gap junctions between adjacent cells

53
Q

En Passant synapses:

A

Bulging areas along an axon that can release neurotransmitters. (occur primarily in CNS

54
Q

Telodendria

A

Branches off of the axon of a neuron

55
Q

Synaptic terminal

A

The pre-synaptic end of an axon

56
Q

Neurotransmitter fate:

A

1- diffused across synapse
2-degraded by enzymes
3-uptake into presynaptic cell
4-uptake into surrounding cells

57
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Esters

A

ACH

58
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Monoamines

A

Norepi/epi
Serotonin
Dopamine

59
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Amino acids

A

Glutamate (excitatory)

GABA (inhibitory)

60
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Purines

A

Adenosine

ATP

61
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Peptides

A

Substance P

Endorphins

62
Q

Neurotransmitter class:

Inorganic gases

A 
Nitric oxide (NO)
Created but not stored bc it freely diffuses across membrane
63
Q

ACH is released where?

A

Almost all preganglionic fibers
All somatic fibers (skeletal)
Postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic (& few sympathetic)

64
Q

Monoamines

A

Amino acid derivatives (tyrosine)

65
Q

Glutamate

A

Amino Acid
most important excitatory NT in brain.
learning and memory.
Can be over produced (parkinson’s)

66
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory

Can enhance effects of glutamate

67
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

68
Q

ACH is synthesized in..

A

..the cytoplasm

69
Q

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A

Puts together Acetyl-CoA and Choline to make ACh

70
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

Breaks down ACh into Acetyl-CoA and Choline

71
Q

Cholinetransferase (CHT)

A

Transports Choline and Na+ into synaptic terminal

72
Q

Vesicular Ach Transporter (VAT)

A

Transports ACH into storage vesicle

73
Q

Synaptotagmin

A

Ca++ sensor

74
Q

Anchoring/Docking

A

SNARE complex which anchors vesicle near release site

75
Q

SNARE complex 3 proteins:

A
  • Syntaxin
  • SNAP-25 (in presynaptic membrane)
  • VAMP (on vesicle)
76
Q

Priming

A
  • ATP Dependent

- Supports rapid exocytosis

77
Q

Fusion

A
  • Ca++ induced (synaptotagmin)
  • Fusion of membrane (fast)
  • Fusion pore forms
78
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Blocks SNAP25 preventing vesicle from fusing with cell membrane

79
Q

Hemicholiniums block..

A

..CHT

80
Q

Vesamicol blocks..

A

..VAT

81
Q

Sarin nerve gas inhibits..

A

..AChE

82
Q

How is NE broken down?

A

It is transported back into the presynaptic terminal by NET and broken down by MAO

83
Q

Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

A

transports any monoamine into storage vesicle (dopamine, dopa, epi, norepi, etc)

84
Q

Metyrosine inhibits..

A

..the conversion of tyrosine

85
Q

Reserpine inhibits..

A

..VMAT

86
Q

Bretylium and guanethidine inhibit..

A

..VAMP & SNAP

87
Q

Cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants inhibit..

A

..NET

88
Q

MAOIs inhibit..

A

MAO which inhibits the breakdown of NE.

89
Q

Cholinomimetics

A

Simulate activity of ACh

“parasympathetic”

90
Q

Cholinomimetics Direct-acting:

A

Bind to and activate M or N receptors

91
Q

Cholinomimetics Indirect-acting:

A

Inhibit action of AChE, prolonging effects of ACh released at junction

92
Q

Esters of Choline:

A 
ACh (methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol)
Charged
insoluble in lipids
Don't cross blood brain barrier
typically given inhalation or injection
93
Q

Giving ACh directly into the eye can cause..

A

..pupillary constriction

94
Q

Alkaloids:

A

Nicotine (absorbed well), Muscarine (not absorbed as well)

plant based

95
Q

Indirect acting cholinomimetic chemical categories:

A

Simple alcohols (5-15min duration)
Carbonic acid esters of alcohols (0.5-8hrs)
Organophosphates(100hours)

96
Q

Major therapeutic uses for cholinomimetics:

A

Eye diseases
GI/Urinary tract (post-op ileus)
NMJ (myasthenia gravis)
Atropine overdose

97
Q

Mydriasis

A

dilated pupils

98
Q

Miosis

A

pupil constriction

99
Q

Signs of Muscarine toxicity and Organophosphate exposure:

A 
SLUDGE-M
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Gastrointestinal mobility
Emesis
Miosis
100
Q

What is the treatment for muscarine toxicity and organophosphate exposure?

A

Atropine

101
Q

Signs of atropine/belladona OD?

A 
BRAND
Blind
Red
Absent bowel sounds
Nuts
Dry
102
Q

Treatment for atropine/belladona OD?

A

Physostigmine

103
Q

Atropine applied directly to the eye causes?

A

Mydriasis

104
Q

Tx for parkinsons:

A

L-DOPA

105
Q

Tx for motion sickness:

A

Scopolamine

106
Q

Ophthalmic drug given for eye exam dilation

A

Topical tropicamide

107
Q

Direct Adrenergic agonist

A

Bind to same sight as NE

108
Q

Indirect adrenergic agonist

A

Stimulate release of catecholamines or prevent re-uptake of catecholamines.

109
Q

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)

A

inactivates Catecholamines

110
Q

why can’t you take Catecholamines orally?

A

because COMT is located in the gut

111
Q

Non-catecholamines

A

not inactivated by COMT
longer half-life
increased lipid solubility
increased oral bioavailability

112
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Potent vasoconstrictor
-Alpha1
Cardiac stimulant
-Beta 1
-postitive Inotropic and chronotropic
Beta2 dilation of skeletal muscle

Fall Pharm (8 decks)

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