Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What is Medicare?
A federally funded health insurance program for individuals over 65, disabled for two or more years, or with specific conditions like kidney failure or ALS.
What percentage of costs do Medicare patients typically pay?
20%
What services are covered under Part A of Medicare?
- Emergency room
- Hospital care
- Inpatient care
- Physical Therapy (PT)
- Occupational Therapy (OT)
- Speech-Language Pathology (SLP)
- Wound care (skilled nursing)
- Home care
- Hospice
What services are covered under Part B of Medicare?
- Doctor visits
- Durable medical equipment
- Outpatient services
- Mental health services
- Preventative care
- X-rays and lab tests
- Some home health services
- Ambulance services
What is Part C of Medicare also known as?
Medicare Advantage
What does Part C of Medicare provide?
A combination of Part A and Part B services provided by private insurance, often including vision and dental coverage.
What is the purpose of Part D of Medicare?
To provide prescription drug coverage through private companies contracted with the government.
What is Medicaid?
A federally and state funded program providing health coverage for low-income individuals, children, and those with disabilities.
What services does Medicaid cover?
- Inpatient and outpatient services
- Radiological services
- Home health
- Vaccines
- Family planning and pregnancy
What are the main differences between HMOs and PPOs?
- HMO: Lower payments, in-network providers, requires referrals
- PPO: More flexibility in choosing care, higher costs for out-of-network services
What is TRICARE?
A Department of Defense health care program for uniformed services members, retirees, and their families.
What is the role of the Indian Health Services?
Provides healthcare to Native Americans and Alaska Natives.
What does the acronym WIC stand for?
Women, Infants, and Children
What are the two main components of the US healthcare system?
- Private or personal care
- Public health
What demographic trends are currently affecting healthcare?
- Population growth
- Aging baby boomer generation
- Changes in minority groups
- Changing household composition
- Declining mortality rates
What is a key challenge in the US healthcare system?
Not enough primary care providers
What is an epidemic?
An increase in disease numbers in a particular area.
What defines a pandemic?
An epidemic occurring on a worldwide scale.
What is morbidity?
The rate of disease in a population.
What does mortality refer to?
The rate of death in a population.
Fill in the blank: The incidence measures _______.
New cases
What is the attack rate?
The number of new cases divided by the total population.
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
- Host
- Environment
- Agent
Who is considered the father of epidemiology?
John Snow
What is the primary focus of Florence Nightingale’s work?
Careful record-keeping and analysis of soldiers’ health and their environments.
What does environmental health encompass?
Environmental hazards found in air, water, and land, and their impacts on health.
What are the stages of disaster management?
- Prevention/mitigation
- Preparedness
- Response
- Recovery
What is the SMART triage system?
A triage tag system used to prioritize patients based on their medical condition.
What is the role of the Point of Distribution (POD) in disasters?
To provide emergency supplies to the community after a disaster.
What are some examples of biological agents in health emergencies?
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Fungi
What are organic chemical contaminants?
- Fluorine
- Chlorine
- Bromine
- Iodine
- Nitrogen
True or False: Radiation can be seen, smelled, or tasted.
False
GI anthrax
rarely in US due to FDA
Usually 1-7 days after exposure
Swelling of neck or neck glands
Sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarse voice
N/V, can be bloody especially diarrhea
Headache
Flushing red face and eyes
Stomach pain
Fainting
Abdominal swelling
Mercury poisoning s/s in children
problems in cognition
Fine motor skills
Speech language development
Visual spacial awareness
Mercury poisoning in adults
Anxiety, depression, irritability, memory problems, numbness, tremors, pathological shyness
Advanced mercury poisoning in adults
Hearing and speech difficulties, lack of coordination, muscle weakness, nerve loss in hands and face, trouble walking, and vision changes
Cutaneous anthrax
Most common, least dangerous
1-7 days after exposure
Group of small blisters/bumps that may itch
Painless sore (ulcer) with a black necrotic-looking center that appears after the blisters
Swelling around the sore
Sore is usually on face, neck, arms, or hand
Bubonic plague
Most common, least deadly
Occurs after bite of infected flea
1-6 days after bite
Swollen, painful lymph nodes in groin, armpit, or neck
Fever, chills, headache, and extreme exhaustion
If not treated early, can spread and become another form of plague
Precautions for plague
Contact and droplet precautions
Treatment of plague
Gentamicin and fluoroquinolones
Prevention of anthrax
60 day treatment with abx for adults and children (doxycycline and levofloxacin)
3 doses of vaccine
Monoclonal antibodies sometimes (raxibacumab and oblitoxaximab)
