Exam 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
3 subdivisions of a vertebrae
A
Body
Pedicles
Posterior elements
2
Q
Vertebral body role and location
A
Anterior protection, primary weight baring portion
3
Q
Posterior elements of vertebrae
A
TP, SP, laminae, and articular processes
4
Q
Pedicles
A
The bridge that connects the body with the posterior elements
Transfer the muscle forces applied to the posterior elements to the discs/body.
5
Q
Vertebral canal role
A
Houses and protects the spinal cord
6
Q
Lamina role
A
Protects the posterior aspect of the spinal cord
7
Q
Costovertebral joint
A
Connects the head of the rib to a PAIR of costal demifacets (spans 2 adjacent vertebrae)
8
Q
Costotransverse joint
A
Connects articular tubercle of rib w/ costal facet on transverse process of corresponding rib
9
Q
Sternum anterior vs posterior
A
Anteriorly: Slightly convex and rough
Posteriorly: slightly concave and smooth
10
Q
Sternum parts (3)
A
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
11
Q
Sternum facets (2)
A
clavicular facets, costal facets
12
Q
Intrasternal joints (2)
A
Manubriosternal and xiphisternal
13
Q
Which ribs attach directly to sternum
A
1-7
14
Q
What does the sternocostal joint attach
A
Sternum and costal cartilage
15
Q
What does the costochondral joint attach
A
Rib and costal cartilage
16
Q
Natural position of c/s
A
Lordosis
17
Q
Natural position of t/s
A
Kyphosis
18
Q
Natural position of l/s
A
Lordosis
19
Q
Natural position of sacrococcygeal
A
Kyphosis
20
Q
Line of gravity points
A
Mastoid process/ external auditory meatus- near
S2- anterior
Hip joints- posterior
Knee joint- anterior
Ankle- anterior
21
Q
How many vertebra
A
33
22
Q
Does the line of gravity typically fall to the concave or convex side? Why?
A
Concave. Alters sagittal plane so minor torques are offset to minimize muscular need.
23
Q
Ligamentum Flavum location and role
A
Anterior surface on lamina
Resists flexion
24
Q
Interspinous ligament location and role
A
Fills space between adjacent spinous processes
Resists flexion
25
Supraspinous ligament location and role
Attaches between the tip of the SP
Resists flexion
26
Intertransverse ligament location and role
Between TPs and poorly defined
Resists contralateral lateral flexion
* slightly taught in flexion
27
Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) location and role
Anterior side of vertebral bodies, “strap like”
Resists extension
28
Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) location and role
Attached to posterior surface of vertebral bodies
Resists flexion
29
Capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints
Attaches to rim of facet joints
Slack in neutral, taut in each end ROM
30
Define neutral zone
The amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from the surrounding tissues.
31
What happens with larger neutral zones?
More laxity or instability in the spine to control and more demands are placed on the stabilizing systems
32
The passive system is thought to...
Send feedback about joint positions and challenge stability at the passive level
33
Core stability
When the neutral zone becomes larger than normal the spinal segments become unstable
34
C3 - C6 characteristics
Short and curved pedicules
Thin Lamina
Large vertebral canal
Short SP
35
Atlas (C1)
No body ,Pedicles, Lamina, or SP
36
Axis (C2)
Dens
20° from horizontal
Pedicles,
bifurcated SP
37
Atypical thoracic vertebrae
T1, T10, T11, T12
38
T1 features
Full costal facet
Demifacet for rib 2
Elongated SP
39
T10-T12 features
Single full costal facet
40
Atypical ribs
1, 2, 10, 11, 12
41
3 functional components of IV joints
Transverse and spinous process
Apophyseal (facet) joint
Intervertebral body
42
Osteokinematics of IV joints
-small movement
-3 cardinal planes
-axis near interbody joint
-rotation reference point is anterior
43
Arthokinematics of intervertebral joints
-flat facets
-approximation, separation/gapping, sliding
44
Apophyseal joints
-24 pairs
-plane joints
-guide intervertebral motion
-act as mechanical barricades
-most frequent in upper cervical and lumbar
-subcapsular fat pads are superior and inferior
45
Nucleus pulposus
-Shock absorber
-dissipates and transfers loads across vertebra
-small # of chondrocyes and fibroblasts
46
The ____________-__________ nature of the disc results from ___________ groups on _____________ molecules
Negatively-charged, charged, GAGs
47
Annulus fibrosis
-15-25 concentric rings of collagen fibers
-prevents distraction/shear/torsion
-50-60% collagen
-binder to ALL PLL
-disc only sensory nerves
48
Vertebral endplates
-thin caps that cover most of vertebral bodies
-surface facing disc is fibrocartilage which binds directly/ strongly to collagen in AF
-limited healing at disc
-diffusion of O2 and glucose
49
Degenerated intervertebral disc
-reduced permeability
-less proteoglycans-less water
-less ability to absorb and transfer loads
-not just with aging
50
the IVD as a pressure distributor
-80% of load on intervertebral joints is in standing
-discs are shock absorbers to handle force of BW and muscle activation
-load sharing system: interaction between NP and annular rings
51
_____________ and full lumbar __________ reduces pressures in discs and can allow water to b reabsorbed into disc
Sustained, extension
52
Diurnal fluctuation in spine
-in supine attracts water
-in WB forces water out of disc
-as proteoglycan reduces, water retaining reduces
53
Atlanto-occipital joint
-convex condyles, concave facets
-Flexion/extension and lateral flexion
54
Atlanto-axial joint
-pivot joint
-lateral apophyseal joints
-rotation and flexion/extension
55
AA joint ligaments
Tectorial membrane and alar ligaments
56
Tectorial membrane
Posterior to transverse ligament and dens
57
Alar ligament
Runs from side of the dense to lateral foramen magnum
58
Where is cervical flexion/extension the greatest?
C4,C5,C6
59
what is the average amount of flexion and extension at the AA joint?
15°
60
How much of the total cervical flexion (45-50) is from the AO/AA joint?
20-25%, rest is from C2-7
61
How many degrees of extension does the cervical spine get?
80°
62
What is the range of rotation in the cervical spine?
65-75 each side
63
How much of rotation at the cervical spine is at the AA joint?
35-40 each direction
64
What stretches both vertebral arteries?
Full rotation
65
What is the range of cervical lateral flexion?
35-40 each side
66
Where does most of cervical lateral flexion occur?
C2-7
67
How many degrees is normal kyphosis?
40-45
68
Amount of flexion in thoracic spine
30-40
69
Amount of extension in thoracic spine
15 - 20
70
Amount of axial rotation in thoracic spine
25 - 35
71
amount of lateral flexion in thoracic spine
25-30
72
Ventral nerve root is primarily
Efferent (outgoing) axons and motor commands
73
Dorsal nerve root is primarily
Afferent (incoming) dendrites and sensory commands
74
All nerve roots below C8 exit ____________ to their respective vertebral bodies
Inferior
75
Ventral ramus forms nerves that
innervate muscles, joints, skin of anterior lateral trunk/neck and the extremities
76
Dorsal ramus forms nerves that
Innervate muscles, joints and skin of posterior trunk and neck
77
The ventral rami become the...
Plexi (axial and brachial)
78
Ventral rami individual named nerves:
Intercostal and recurrent meningeal
79
Each of the 12 ventral rami form ________ which innervates...
Intercostal nerves, intercostal dermatome and muscles
80
Each of the 12 ventral rami form ________ which innervates...
Intercostal nerves, intercostal dermatome and muscles
81
Recurrent meningeal nerve
A single recurrent nerve that are sensory and carry pain signals to the brain when the tissue is damaged
82
3 cervical nerves
Suboccipital, greater occipital, third occipital
83
What is the main sensory nerve to the occipital area that can cause HAs and migraines?
Greater occipital nerve
84
Bilateral activation
Produces pure FLX or EXT of axial skeleton
85
Unilateral activation
Tends to produce FLX or EXT in axial skeleton as well as lateral flexion and rotation
86
The action of a muscle in the axial skeleton depends on...
Degree of fixation/stabilization of the attachments of the muscle
87
Deep layers of the back
Erector spinae, transversospinal, short segment
88
What are the scalenes innervated by?
C4-C6, posterior by C6-C8
89
Neck muscles innervated by ventral rami
Longus coli, longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior/lateralis
90
scalenes proximal and distal
P: transverse processes of Cervical vertebra
D: ribs 1-2
91
Longus coli function
Functions as a dynamic ALL (dynamic stability)
92
Longus capitis function
Flexes and stabilizes upper cervical spine
93
Which muscles are dedicated to providing precise control over OA/AA?
Suboccipital muscles
94
Viscoelasti as a pressure distributor
Flexible low loads, rigid at higher loads
95
Base of the skull include
Occipital, sphenoid, and petrous part of temporal
