Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What motion does the serratus anterior perform?
adduction and lateral rotation
What motion does the upper trapezius perform?
elevation
What motion does the middle trapezius perform?
scapular adduction
What motion does the lower trapezius perform?
depression and upward rotation
What motion do the rhomboids (major & minor) perform?
scapular adduction and medial rotation
What motion does the levator scapulae perform?
elevation
What motion does the pectoralis minor perform?
What is the serratus anterior origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Lateral surface of the upper eight ribs.
Insertion: Vertebral border of the anterior surface of the scapula
Nerve: Long Thoracic Nerve
What is the upper trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Occipital bone
Insertion: Outer third of the clavicle
Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve
What is the middle trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Spinous processes of C7 – T3
Insertion: Scapular spine
Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve
What is the lower trapezius origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Spinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Base of the scapular spine
Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve
What is the levator scapulae origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and spine
Nerve: Third and fourth cervical nerves and the Dorsal Scapular nerve
What is the rhomboids origin, insertion, action, and nerve?
Origin: Spinous processes of C7 – T5
Insertion: Vertebral border of the scapula between the spine and inferior angle.
Nerve: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Scapulo-humeral Rhythm:
– 2:1 ratio between glenohumeral movement and scapular movement for abduction and flexion AFTER 1St 30 degrees abd or flexion
– All joints need to move in order to get good sh. rhythm
– If the clavicle doesn’t rotate (at the SC joint), then abduction is limited to 110 degrees
What muscles are involved in shoulder impingement?
supraspinatus
deltoid?
when the top outer edge of your shoulder blade (scapula) pinches your rotator cuff causing pain
shoulder impingement
How do you measure shoulder subluxation?
using the palpate gap between the inferior aspect of the acromion and the superior aspect of the humeral head
Scapula Fractures:
Most scapula fractures can be treated with closed treatment.
- More than 90% of scapula fractures have minimal displacement, primarily because of the thick, strong support provided by the surrounding soft tissues.
- Treatment is symptomatic. Short-term immobilization in a sling and swathe bandage is provided for comfort.
Clavicle Fractures:
- Usually treated non-operatively without restrictions.
- Can have ORIF for non-unions
a contraction that occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shorten and move toward each other (ex. Flexion)
Concentric contraction
a contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen (ex. Extension)
Eccentric contraction
a contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the muscle length (ex. a plank)
Isometric contraction
a contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts and the muscle length and. joint angle change (ex. biceps curls, pushups)
Isotonic contraction
Shoulder Pathologies:
- Age related changes
- Peripheral nerve injury
- Fractures
- Tendonitis
- Capsulitis
a fracture that punctures the skin
opened fracture
a fracture that does not puncture skin
closed fracture
a fracture that has two fracture fragments
simple fracture
a fracture that has multiple fragments
comminuted fracture
moment arm is the perpendicular distance that forms the line of force to the axis of rotation
Torque
Example of torque:
- the turning of the bicycle wheel
- bolt twist or the opening of a door by its hinge
What nerve innervates the teres major?
lower subscapular nerve
What nerve innervates the teres minor?
axillary nerve
What nerve innervates the subscapularis?
upper and a lower subscapular nerve
What nerve innervates the infraspinatus?
suprascapular nerve
Levers:
Axis
Resistance
Force
Axis:
(most cases the joint)
The pivot point
In people, in most cases this is the joint.
Resistance:
Is what the lever system is attempting to move or lift
It is counterbalanced by force
Force:
The primary force behind the lever system.
This is what makes the lever go into action and counterbalances the resistance.
In people, this would be the muscles contracting
First Class levers:
(ex. seesaw)
- Axis in the middle
- Resistance on one end
- Force on the other end
Second Class Levers:
(ex. wheelbarrow)
- Axis on one end
- Resistance in the middle
- Force on the other end
Third Class Levers:
(ex. screen door)
*Most common in the body
* Best for distance and speed (aka ROM)
Biceps
If the axis is in the middle what type of lever is it?
first-class lever
If the resistance is in the middle what type of lever is it?
second-class lever
If the force is in the middle what type of lever is it?
third-class lever
the point on which the beam pivots (ex. where the seesaw tilts)
fulcrum
Should an arm trough be short or long?
long
a muscle or muscle group that causes motion
agonist
a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist
antagonist
Law of Inertia:
(ex. seatbelt)
*an object in motion wants to stay in motion, an object at rest wants to stay at rest.
*Need to generate enough force to get the object out of state of inertia
*The greater the mass, the more force is needed to change the inertia
Law of Acceleration:
(ex. kicking a ball)
*the amount of acceleration (increasing speed/velocity) depends on the strength of the force applied to the object
*The amount of acceleration is proportionate to the amount of force applied.
*The greater the mass, the more force is needed to achieve the same acceleration as something with a smaller mass
Law of Action-Reaction:
(e. trampoline)
*for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Examples: trampoline, sitting in a wheelchair, splint-making
a force that occurs in the same plane and the same or opposite direction. (ex. 2 people pulling in opposite directions)
parallel forces
occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect. (ex. muscles together to rotate the trapezius)
force coupling
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron:
Upper motor neuron lesions- spasticity, hyperreflexia
Lower motor neuron lesion: flaccidity, hyporeflexia
Bony landmarks:
Inferior angle of scapula
Spine of scapula
Superior angle of scapula
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromion process
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Suprascapular notch
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Supraspinous fossa
Bicipital groove
Infraspinous fossa
Glenoid fossa
Subscapular fossa
Coracoid process
Axillary (lateral) border of scapula
Greater tubercle of humerus
Vertebral (medial) border of scapula
Olecranon process of ulna
Radial styloid
Ulnar styloid
the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal. It’s also the point at which all planes of the body intersect.
Center of gravity (COG)
What is the motion of the shoulder girdle?
Elevation
Depression
Adduction
Abduction
What are the shoulder girdle muscles?
Serratus Anterior
Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Pectoralis Minor
Rhomboids
a plane when two or more forces are acting along the same line. (ex. two people pulling in the same direction.
linear force
is that part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface
Base of Support (BOS)
imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity
Line of gravity
a neuron that synapses above the anterior horn
Upper motor neuron
a neuron that synapses at or below the anterior horn
Lower motor neuron
a kinetic chain where the distal segment is free to move while the proximal segments can remain stationary
open kinetic chain
a kinetic chain where the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment moves
closed kinetic chain
Example of an opened kinetic chain applied to a person:
when you rise from a sitting position your knees extend, causing your hips and ankles to move as well
Example of a closed kinetic chain applied to a person:
when you remain seated and extend your knee, your hip, and ankle would not move
