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Kinesiology (OCTH 521) Lecture > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of movement

A

Kinesiology

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2
Q

moving

A

Dynamic

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3
Q

not moving

A

Static

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4
Q

forces causing movement (muscles)

A

Kinetics

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5
Q

time, space, and mass of movement

A

Kinematics

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6
Q

in between shoulder flex/ext (e.g., brushing hair)

A

Scaption

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7
Q

A plane that divides the body anterior/posterior.

A

Frontal plane

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8
Q

A plane that divides the body left/right.

A

Sagittal plane

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9
Q

A plane that divides the body into upper/lower.

A

Transverse plane

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of planes?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sagittal
  3. Transverse
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11
Q

What are the types of motion?

A
  1. Linear movement
  2. Rectilinear
  3. Curvilinear
  4. Angular
  5. Rotational
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12
Q

move the whole body together

A

Linear movement

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13
Q

move in a straight line from one location to the other

A

Rectilinear

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14
Q

occurs in a curved line from one location to the other

A

Curvilinear

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15
Q

all parts move at the same angle, direction, and time (do not travel the same distance) joints are angular

A

Angular

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16
Q

movement occurring around a vertical or longitudinal axis

A

Rotational

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17
Q

Anytime a joint is moving what motion is it performing?

A

Angular motion

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18
Q

describes the movement of bones around a joint axis

A

Osteokinematics

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19
Q

movement within a joint

A

Arthrokinematics

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20
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

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21
Q

What motion does the hinge joint perform?

A

Flexion and Extension

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22
Q

What motion does the saddle joint perform?

A

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction

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23
Q

What motion does the ball of socket joint perform?

A

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction
Internal Rotation
External Rotation

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24
Q

What motion does the pivot joint perform?

A

Rotation

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25
Q

What joints are uniaxial?

A

Hinge joint
Pivot joint

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26
Q

What joints are biaxial?

A

Saddle joint

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27
Q

What joints are triaxial?

A

Ball-of-socket joint

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28
Q

Examples of hinge joints:

A

Elbows
Knees
Toes (IP)
Fingers (IP)
Ankles (tibiotalar joint)

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29
Q

Examples of saddle joints:

A

CMC joint of the thumb
Sternoclavicular joint of the thorax,
Incudomalleolar joint of the middle ear
Calcaneocuboid joint of the heel

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30
Q

Examples of pivot joints:

A

Neck (rotation)
Between the radius/ulnar (forearm rotation)

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31
Q

Examples of Ball-of-socket joints:

A
  1. Connection between upper arm/shoulder
  2. Connection upper leg/hip
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32
Q

the end attached to the more stable bone; muscle usually moves toward origin

A

origin

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33
Q

the end attached to the more mobile bone

A

insertion

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34
Q

What are the two basic muscle fiber arrangements?

A

Parallel
Oblique

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35
Q

What are the 4 parallel muscles?

A

Strap
Fusiform
Rhomboidal
Triangular

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36
Q

long thin fibers, run an entire length (e.g., sternocleidomastoid)

A

strap

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37
Q

spindle shaped, attached to tendons (e.g., biceps)

A

fusiform

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38
Q

4 sided and flat (e.g., rhomboid minor and rhomboid major)

A

rhomboidal

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39
Q

flat and fan shaped, narrow attachment at one end, broad at the other (e.g., pectoralis major)

A

triangular

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40
Q

What are the 4 oblique muscles?

A

Pennate
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

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41
Q

look like one side of feather
*Have central tendon (Flexor Pollicis)

A

Unipennate

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42
Q

looks like whole feather
*Have central tendon (interosseous)

A

Bipennate

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43
Q

many fibers with oblique tendons in between (deltoid)

A

Multipennate

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44
Q

Length of muscle at rest(un-stimulated or noforces

A

resting position

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45
Q

Muscles ability to respond to stimulus. (Not an emotional state!)

A

irritability

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46
Q

ability of muscle to contract/shorten.

A

contractibility

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47
Q

Ability to stretch or lengthen in response to force

A

extensibility

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48
Q

ability to rebound to the resting length after removal of force

A

elasticity

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49
Q

the force built up in a muscle

A

tension

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50
Q

tension from the “non-contractile” units of the muscle. Like stretching a rubber band

A

passive tension

51
Q

tension from contractile units of muscle like releasing one side of that rubberband

A

active tension

52
Q

slight tension present when muscle is at rest

A

tone

53
Q

reflects the muscles’ state of readiness

A

normal muscle tone

54
Q

refers to “low”or “high” (spasticity). Abnormal tone is associated with CNS disorders.

A

abnormal muscle tone

55
Q

muscles’ total length between maximally shortened length to maximally stretched length.

A

Excursion

56
Q

If max contracted muscle is 3 cm in length, and max stretched state is 9 cm, then excursion is?

A

6 cm

57
Q

The inability of a muscle to shorten enough to cause full range of motion simultaneously at both joints it passes

A

Active insufficiency

58
Q

the inability to further lengthen to provide full range of motion at both joints

A

Passive insufficiency

59
Q

A muscle that can not be lengthened simultaneously over all the joints it crosses is said to be?

A

passively insufficient

60
Q

A muscle that can not contract any further to move both of the joints it crosses is said to be?

A

actively insufficient

61
Q

Why is tenodesis functionally important?

A

To people with quadriplegia who have no hand function, but have active wrist extension

62
Q

What are the types of muscle contractions?

A

isometric
isotonic
isokinetic

63
Q

What are the 2 isotonic muscle contractions?

A

Concentric
Eccentric

64
Q

no joint movement

A

isometric

65
Q

joint movement

A

isotonic

66
Q

shortening contraction

A

concentric

67
Q

lengthening contraction

A

eccentric

68
Q

resistance changes thru out ROM

A

isokinetic

69
Q

What are the roles of muscles?

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Co-contractor
Stabilizer
Neutralizer

70
Q

prime mover, causes motion

A

agonist

71
Q

muscle that performs opposite motion of the agonist

A

antagonist

72
Q

a muscle that works with other muscles to enhance a motion

A

synergist

73
Q

when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time

A

co-contractor

74
Q

group of muscles that provide support so that the agonist is more effective (example: the trunk during push-ups)

A

stabilizer

75
Q

prevents unwanted motion (example: elbow flexion without supination)

A

neutralizer

76
Q

What are the kinematic chains?

A

opened chain
closed chain

77
Q

distal end is free to move in space

A

open chain

78
Q

distal chain is fixed

A

closed chain

79
Q

the ability to make dynamic postural adjustments and direct body and limb movement in purposeful activity.

A

motor control

80
Q

What is required for motor control?

A
  • normal muscle tone
  • sensation
  • automatic postural mechanisms
81
Q

a motor neuron that carries information from the brain to the brain stem

A

upper motor neuron

82
Q

a motor neuron that carries motor information from the anterior horn to the skeletal muscles

A

lower motor neuron

83
Q

upper motor neuron above the level of lesion

A
84
Q
A
85
Q
A
86
Q
A

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

87
Q
A

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)

88
Q
A

Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

89
Q

bounce baby on feet – increased extensor tone of legs with feet in plantar flexion

A

Positive Supportive Reactions

90
Q

What are the upper motor neuron primitive reflexes?

A
91
Q

Lower motor neurons:

A

Brachial plexus
Peripheral nerves (Ulnar, Medial, Radial)

92
Q

responsible for motor innervation of all of the muscles of the UE except the trapezius and Levator Scapula

A

Brachial plexus

93
Q

which body part has the most muscle spindles?

A

hands (used for precision)

94
Q

muscle spindles are the proprioceptive receptors for

A

skeletal muscles

95
Q

the ability to make dynamic postural adjustments and direct body and limb movement in purposeful activity.

A

motor control

96
Q

What does motor control require?

A
  1. normal muscle tone
  2. sensation
  3. automatic postural mechanisms
  4. coordinated and selective motion
97
Q
A

reciprocal innervation

98
Q

a type of reaction that maintains symmetry and the midline to minimize effort

A

righting reactions

99
Q

a type of reaction that enables fine changes in tone so balance can be maintained in a variety of situations

A

equilibrium reactions

100
Q

What are the types of control?

A
  1. Open loop
  2. Closed loop
101
Q

a type of control that order comes from the brain = body follows order without variation from the original plan

A

open loop

102
Q

a type of control that changes can be made to the plan after action has been initiated. Without adequate feedback from the system, open-loop control is all that is available

A

closed loop

103
Q

a type of theory that indicates that movement patterns emerge as a function of the individual, environment, and task rather than being generated by a motor program

A

dynamic systems theory

104
Q

the study of the processes involved in acquiring and refining motor skills and of variables that promote or inhibit skill acquisition

A

motor learning

105
Q
A

motor skills

106
Q

What are the two types of motor skills?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Serial skills
107
Q

Skills whose beginning and ending points are either arbitrary or determined by an environmental factor (finish line)

A

continuous skills

108
Q

Collective sequences of multiple discrete skills, their complexity is greater than that of a single discrete skill

A

serial skills

109
Q

skills performed in stable, predictable environment

A

closed skills

110
Q

skills performed in unstable, unpredictable environment

A

open skills

111
Q

a dysfunction of the nervous and / or musculoskeletal system which brings about abnormal movement

A

motion disorder

112
Q

Name the types of abnormal muscle tone:

A
  1. flaccidity
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Hypertonic (spasticity)
113
Q

The mechanical concepts applied to the human body and function
Includes the forces and the motion produced

A

Biomechanics

114
Q

In the human body force is caused by

A

muscles

115
Q
  • Objects as rest will stay at rest until force is applied.
  • Objects in motion will stay in motion until force is applied
A

Law of Inertia

116
Q

the amount of acceleration (increasing speed/velocity) depends on the strength of the force applied to the object.

A

Law of Acceleration

117
Q

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (Examples: trampoline, sitting in a wheelchair, splint making)

A

Law of Action-Reaction

118
Q

What position should a person be in to eliminate gravity?

A

side-lying position

119
Q

the pivot point, in people, is the joint

A

axis

120
Q

what the lever system is attempting to move or lift (e.g., weights)

A

resistance

121
Q

this is what makes the lever go into action and counterbalances the resistance (e.g., muscle contracting)

A

force

122
Q

Levers:

A

If A is in the Middle = First Class
If R is in the Middle = Second Class
If F is in the Middle = Third Class

123
Q

the ratio between the force arm and the resistance arm

A

mechanical advantage

124
Q
A

Kinesiology (OCTH 521) Lecture (5 decks)

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