Exam 1 Flashcards
the study of movement
Kinesiology
moving
Dynamic
not moving
Static
forces causing movement (muscles)
Kinetics
time, space, and mass of movement
Kinematics
in between shoulder flex/ext (e.g., brushing hair)
Scaption
A plane that divides the body anterior/posterior.
Frontal plane
A plane that divides the body left/right.
Sagittal plane
A plane that divides the body into upper/lower.
Transverse plane
What are the 3 types of planes?
- Frontal
- Sagittal
- Transverse
What are the types of motion?
- Linear movement
- Rectilinear
- Curvilinear
- Angular
- Rotational
move the whole body together
Linear movement
move in a straight line from one location to the other
Rectilinear
occurs in a curved line from one location to the other
Curvilinear
all parts move at the same angle, direction, and time (do not travel the same distance) joints are angular
Angular
movement occurring around a vertical or longitudinal axis
Rotational
Anytime a joint is moving what motion is it performing?
Angular motion
describes the movement of bones around a joint axis
Osteokinematics
movement within a joint
Arthrokinematics
What are the types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
What motion does the hinge joint perform?
Flexion and Extension
What motion does the saddle joint perform?
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction
What motion does the ball of socket joint perform?
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
What motion does the pivot joint perform?
Rotation
What joints are uniaxial?
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
What joints are biaxial?
Saddle joint
What joints are triaxial?
Ball-of-socket joint
Examples of hinge joints:
Elbows
Knees
Toes (IP)
Fingers (IP)
Ankles (tibiotalar joint)
Examples of saddle joints:
CMC joint of the thumb
Sternoclavicular joint of the thorax,
Incudomalleolar joint of the middle ear
Calcaneocuboid joint of the heel
Examples of pivot joints:
Neck (rotation)
Between the radius/ulnar (forearm rotation)
Examples of Ball-of-socket joints:
- Connection between upper arm/shoulder
- Connection upper leg/hip
the end attached to the more stable bone; muscle usually moves toward origin
origin
the end attached to the more mobile bone
insertion
What are the two basic muscle fiber arrangements?
Parallel
Oblique
What are the 4 parallel muscles?
Strap
Fusiform
Rhomboidal
Triangular
long thin fibers, run an entire length (e.g., sternocleidomastoid)
strap
spindle shaped, attached to tendons (e.g., biceps)
fusiform
4 sided and flat (e.g., rhomboid minor and rhomboid major)
rhomboidal
flat and fan shaped, narrow attachment at one end, broad at the other (e.g., pectoralis major)
triangular
What are the 4 oblique muscles?
Pennate
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
look like one side of feather
*Have central tendon (Flexor Pollicis)
Unipennate
looks like whole feather
*Have central tendon (interosseous)
Bipennate
many fibers with oblique tendons in between (deltoid)
Multipennate
Length of muscle at rest(un-stimulated or noforces
resting position
Muscles ability to respond to stimulus. (Not an emotional state!)
irritability
ability of muscle to contract/shorten.
contractibility
Ability to stretch or lengthen in response to force
extensibility
ability to rebound to the resting length after removal of force
elasticity
the force built up in a muscle
tension
tension from the “non-contractile” units of the muscle. Like stretching a rubber band
passive tension
tension from contractile units of muscle like releasing one side of that rubberband
active tension
slight tension present when muscle is at rest
tone
reflects the muscles’ state of readiness
normal muscle tone
refers to “low”or “high” (spasticity). Abnormal tone is associated with CNS disorders.
abnormal muscle tone
muscles’ total length between maximally shortened length to maximally stretched length.
Excursion
If max contracted muscle is 3 cm in length, and max stretched state is 9 cm, then excursion is?
6 cm
The inability of a muscle to shorten enough to cause full range of motion simultaneously at both joints it passes
Active insufficiency
the inability to further lengthen to provide full range of motion at both joints
Passive insufficiency
A muscle that can not be lengthened simultaneously over all the joints it crosses is said to be?
passively insufficient
A muscle that can not contract any further to move both of the joints it crosses is said to be?
actively insufficient
Why is tenodesis functionally important?
To people with quadriplegia who have no hand function, but have active wrist extension
What are the types of muscle contractions?
isometric
isotonic
isokinetic
What are the 2 isotonic muscle contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
no joint movement
isometric
joint movement
isotonic
shortening contraction
concentric
lengthening contraction
eccentric
resistance changes thru out ROM
isokinetic
What are the roles of muscles?
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Co-contractor
Stabilizer
Neutralizer
prime mover, causes motion
agonist
muscle that performs opposite motion of the agonist
antagonist
a muscle that works with other muscles to enhance a motion
synergist
when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time
co-contractor
group of muscles that provide support so that the agonist is more effective (example: the trunk during push-ups)
stabilizer
prevents unwanted motion (example: elbow flexion without supination)
neutralizer
What are the kinematic chains?
opened chain
closed chain
distal end is free to move in space
open chain
distal chain is fixed
closed chain
the ability to make dynamic postural adjustments and direct body and limb movement in purposeful activity.
motor control
What is required for motor control?
- normal muscle tone
- sensation
- automatic postural mechanisms
a motor neuron that carries information from the brain to the brain stem
upper motor neuron
a motor neuron that carries motor information from the anterior horn to the skeletal muscles
lower motor neuron
upper motor neuron above the level of lesion
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
bounce baby on feet – increased extensor tone of legs with feet in plantar flexion
Positive Supportive Reactions
What are the upper motor neuron primitive reflexes?
Lower motor neurons:
Brachial plexus
Peripheral nerves (Ulnar, Medial, Radial)
responsible for motor innervation of all of the muscles of the UE except the trapezius and Levator Scapula
Brachial plexus
which body part has the most muscle spindles?
hands (used for precision)
muscle spindles are the proprioceptive receptors for
skeletal muscles
the ability to make dynamic postural adjustments and direct body and limb movement in purposeful activity.
motor control
What does motor control require?
- normal muscle tone
- sensation
- automatic postural mechanisms
- coordinated and selective motion
reciprocal innervation
a type of reaction that maintains symmetry and the midline to minimize effort
righting reactions
a type of reaction that enables fine changes in tone so balance can be maintained in a variety of situations
equilibrium reactions
What are the types of control?
- Open loop
- Closed loop
a type of control that order comes from the brain = body follows order without variation from the original plan
open loop
a type of control that changes can be made to the plan after action has been initiated. Without adequate feedback from the system, open-loop control is all that is available
closed loop
a type of theory that indicates that movement patterns emerge as a function of the individual, environment, and task rather than being generated by a motor program
dynamic systems theory
the study of the processes involved in acquiring and refining motor skills and of variables that promote or inhibit skill acquisition
motor learning
motor skills
What are the two types of motor skills?
- Continuous
- Serial skills
Skills whose beginning and ending points are either arbitrary or determined by an environmental factor (finish line)
continuous skills
Collective sequences of multiple discrete skills, their complexity is greater than that of a single discrete skill
serial skills
skills performed in stable, predictable environment
closed skills
skills performed in unstable, unpredictable environment
open skills
a dysfunction of the nervous and / or musculoskeletal system which brings about abnormal movement
motion disorder
Name the types of abnormal muscle tone:
- flaccidity
- Hypotonic
- Hypertonic (spasticity)
The mechanical concepts applied to the human body and function
Includes the forces and the motion produced
Biomechanics
In the human body force is caused by
muscles
- Objects as rest will stay at rest until force is applied.
- Objects in motion will stay in motion until force is applied
Law of Inertia
the amount of acceleration (increasing speed/velocity) depends on the strength of the force applied to the object.
Law of Acceleration
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (Examples: trampoline, sitting in a wheelchair, splint making)
Law of Action-Reaction
What position should a person be in to eliminate gravity?
side-lying position
the pivot point, in people, is the joint
axis
what the lever system is attempting to move or lift (e.g., weights)
resistance
this is what makes the lever go into action and counterbalances the resistance (e.g., muscle contracting)
force
Levers:
If A is in the Middle = First Class
If R is in the Middle = Second Class
If F is in the Middle = Third Class
the ratio between the force arm and the resistance arm
mechanical advantage
