Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Transcription goes from ____ to _____
DNA to RNA
The human genome has _____ base pairs total and ____ from each parent
6 billion, 3 billion
The human genome has _____ protein coding genes
22,000
How many genes are there per million bc on the human genome?
7 genes, very spread out
The central dogma explains the connection between….
Genotype and phenotype
Genotype
DNA sequence (what’s encoded)
Phenotype
Presentation of proteins (what you can see)
During translation, the template strand is read…
From 3’ to 5’
Transcription creates _____ sequence that is _____ to the ____ strand and has the same sequence as the ____ strand.
ssRNA, complementary, template, coding
Transcription copies ____ sized sections (about ____ bp)
Gene, 2000
Gene expression can be regulated at _____
All levels
Not all genes are _____ in every cell
Transcribed
About ___ or ____ are expressed in every cell
1/2, fewer
Not all genes are transcribed in ____ _____
Equal amounts
RNA polymerase does not need a ____
primer
RNA polymerase uses _____ _____
Ribonucleotide triphosphates
Ribonucleotide triphosphates breaks off ___ _______ to form ______ _____
2 phosphates, phosphodiester bond
RNA polymerase….
Unwinds DNA in small transcription bubble (does not need help ask)
RNA is _____ stranded and is much less ____
Single, stable
RNA has an ____ on the ___ _____
-OH, 2’ carbon (instead of -H in DNA)
RNA contains ____ instead of Thymine
Uracil
Certain RNA can ____ on itself via _____ _____ ______
Fold, complementary base pairing
RNA folding via complementary base pairing improves ____ and is done by _____, ____, and ____ ____
Stability, tRNAs, rRNA, and splicing RNA
The promoter sequence is ____
DNA
The promoter sequence is located….
Upstream of the txn start site
The promoter sequence binds….
Core or basal transcription factors
TATA box is located at ___ and is recognized by _____
-30, TBP (TATA binding protein - part of TFIID)
Dephosphorylated RNA polymerase is binded by…
the promoter sequence
The enhancer/switch is…
DNA
The enhancer/switch can be located….
Upstream or downstream
The enhancer/switch binds…
Activators (proteins) in response to environmental signals (transcription activators)
The mediator interacts with…
All transcription factors
The mediator is not always _____
Necessary
Once all factors are assembled, RNA Polymerase is _______, which begins _____
Phosphorylated, transcription
RNA polymerase transcribes until….
It falls off
RNA polymerase usually passes the ____ of the gene
End
____ strand of the DNA can be used as the template (but always in the ___ to ___ direction; depends on where the ____ is
Either, 3’ to 5’, promoter
_____ factors interact with ____
Remodeling, histones
Remodeling factors can shift _____, modify _____, or remove it ______
Nucleosomes, histones, completely
RNA processing improves _____
Stability
The 5’ cap is also known as the…
Methylguanine cap
The polyA tail is a sequence of….
Repeated A’s added to the end to protect from RNase
____ factors, ____ factors, and _____ factors attached to ____ ___ ___ and utilize attached ____ ____
Splicing, capping, PolyA, RNA pol tail, phosphate groups
Transcription finished with
