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BIO 315 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the requirements to be an organism

A

must be composed of one or more cells

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

life is totally cellular

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2
Q

What are the requirements to be a cell

A

-plasma membrane made of lipids and protein.
-information flow is DNA to RNA to protein
-have enzymes needed to maintain themselves and, in many cases, grow and divide to produce more cells

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3
Q

DNA to RNA is

A

transcription

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4
Q

RNA to protein is

A

translation

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5
Q

translation occurs by

A

ribosomes

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6
Q

All cells come from _____

A

previously existing cells

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7
Q

All cells/organisms are related to the

A

original cell

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8
Q

all cells share common mechanisms for ______ and _______

A

maintenance and reproduction

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9
Q

what you learn from one cell can help you understand _____

A

others

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10
Q

Cells vary in ____ and ______

A

structure and machinery

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11
Q

cells can range from _____ to a _____

A

2 micrometers (bacteria) to a meter (giant squid neuron)

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12
Q

bacterial –

A

prokaryotic

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13
Q

Archaeon –

A

prokaryotic but with many processes related to eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

eukaryotic –

A

focus of most details covered in BIO 315

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15
Q

Cells vary in how they ____

A

function

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16
Q

Single-celled organisms

A

the cell IS the organism

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17
Q

there are many different types of single celled organisms such as

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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18
Q

Multicellular organisms –

A

cells within a single individual can differ structurally and functionally

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19
Q

Cells are organized in _____ of different types. For example, _____

A

tissues, muscle

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20
Q

different cell types in one individual have the same _____ but ______ different _____ of genes

A

genes, express, subsets
(aka same DNA, different proteins)

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21
Q

How to study Cell Biology

A
  1. Microscopes
  2. other experimental approaches used in cell biology
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22
Q

Light microscopes are either ___ or _____

A

simple, compound

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23
Q

A simple light microscope has ___ lens

A

one

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24
Q

A compound light microscope has ___ lens

A

two or more

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25
Q

Advantages of light microscopes

A

less sample preparation needed (can be living cells)

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26
Q

Disadvantages of light microcopes

A

lower resolution and cells tend to be transparent

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27
Q

Resolution is

A

the ability to resolve two objects as different objects

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28
Q

What is the limit of resolution of light microscopes?

A

about 0.2 um – about 1/2 wavelength of visible light

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29
Q

Bright Field Microscopes

A

white light illumination

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30
Q

In bright field microscopes the cells are ____, so observation requires _____ _____

A

transparent, enhancing contrast

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31
Q

Bright field microscopes use ___ or ____ that differentially stain cellular components

A

dyes or stains

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32
Q

Bright field microscopes use ____ _____

A

special optics

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33
Q

Fluorescence microscopes make specific details within cells detectable using ______ _____

A

fluorescent molecules

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34
Q

Fluorescent microscopes ____ light or one wavelength and ____ at a ____ wavelength

A

absorb, emit, longer

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35
Q

____ microscopes and _____ _____ microscopes are both types of fluorescent microscopes

A

confocal, superresolution fluorescent

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36
Q

Confocal microscopes use ____ to ____ light scatter and ____ resolution, especially in _____ samples

A

lasers, decrease, increase, thicker

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37
Q

Superresolution fluorescent microscopes use multiple ____ to ____ resolution.

A

lasers, increase

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38
Q

Superresolution Fluorescent microscopes have an optical resolution of ____

A

20 nm (10 times smaller than light or fluorescent microscopes)

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39
Q

Electron Microscopes (EM) use _____ instead of visible light

A

electrons

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40
Q

Electron Microscopes have a _____ wavelength and a ____ higher resolution

A

smaller, higher

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41
Q

Electron microscopes have a resolution of ____

A

5 nm

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42
Q

Advantages of Electron microscopes

A

higher resolution (our concepts of sub-cellular structures is based on EM)

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43
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

-extensive processing of samples required
-harsh fixation, staining with metals required

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44
Q

Types of electron microscopy:

A

X-ray crystallography and cyro-electron microscopy

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45
Q

X-ray crystallography and cyro-electron microscopy

A

detect individual atoms of biological molecules

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46
Q

Biochemistry

A

breaking tissue into cells and cells into component parts to study specific cells and specific sub-cellular components

47
Q

Advantages of biochemistry

A

get details of the structure and function of cellular components

48
Q

Disadvantages of biochemistry

A

lose information on the organization of these components

49
Q

Genetics

A

taking advantages of genetic alterations that allow some components or processes in cells to be more easily studied

50
Q

The study of human genetics _____ links ____/____/____ to specific cellular processes. EX: ____, ____, _____

A

diseases, genes, proteins, RNAs, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, albinism

51
Q

You can use genetics for the ____ or _____ of ____ forms of other organisms

A

isolation, creation, mutant

52
Q

Creating _____ ____ version of proteins to identify which ____/_____ type contain them and/or determine their specific ____ within cells

A

fluorescently tagged, cells/tissues, location

53
Q

___ and ____ genes to study the _____ of the ____/____ they encode.

A

cloning, manipulating, function, proteins/RNAs

54
Q

Example of cloning and manipulating genes: making specific ____ using _____/____ technology to mutate specific ____ to determine what goes wrong

A

mutations, CRISPR/Cas, genes

55
Q

Example of cloning and manipulating genes: ____ experiments to identify the ____ in one organism that has the same _____ as one in the other

A

rescue, gene, function

56
Q

the ___ gene that regulates ___ ____ was identified by finding the human gene that rescued a _____ cell division mutant (called ____)

A

human, cell division, yeast, cdc2

57
Q

Eukaryotic cells have

A

multiple internal membrane-bound compartments (membrane bound organelles)

58
Q

What are the two major compartments in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm

59
Q

Nucleus

A

bounded by a double membrane = nuclear envelope

60
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus

61
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid filled space outside the membrane

62
Q

The particular model organism chosen depends on the ______

A

question

63
Q

Bacteria are typically used to study…

A

basic genetic and molecular biology processes

64
Q

The basic genetic and molecular biology processes include

A

the central dogma, nature of the gene, how food molecules are converted into energy and used as building blocks

65
Q

Yeast are typically used to study….

A

the basic mechanisms common to eukaryotes

66
Q

Yeast is the

A

eukaryotic bacterium

67
Q

The basic mechanisms common to eukaryotes includes

A

cell division, structure and function of eukaryotic organelles, eukaryotic-gene structure and gene expression

68
Q

Drosophila melanogoster and C. elegans are typically used to study

A

the basic process of cellular differentiation and animal development

69
Q

Zebrafish are typically used to study

A

vertebrate development and regeneration

70
Q

Mice are typically used to study

A

mammalian-specific process of development and physiology

71
Q

Human cell cultures are typically used to study

A

specific cell types that can be cultured in vitro

72
Q

Genetic material is contained in structures called

A

chromosomes

73
Q

Chromosomes contain ____ and ____. This material is called ____

A

chromatin

74
Q

The sequence of _____ in DNA contains the ____ _____.

A

nucleotides, genetic information

75
Q

Different ____ contain different ____ ______

A

chromosomes, DNA sequences

76
Q

A ___ is a ___ of genetic information

A

gene, unit

77
Q

___ can code for ____ (___-____ ____) or ___ (___ ___)

A

genes, proteins, protein-coded genes, RNA, RNA genes

78
Q

____ chromosomes contain more ___ than ___ chromosomes

A

larger, genes, smaller

79
Q

The ___ and ____ modifications to those proteins organizes the ___ in ways that affect how the _____ ____ will be used

A

proteins, chemical, DNA, genetic information

80
Q

DNA is composed of ____ strands of ______ ____ wound around each other in a _____ ____.

A

two, deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix

81
Q

Each strand of DNA is a chain of ______, connected to each other by ______ bonds

A

deoxyribonucleotides, phosphodiester

82
Q

Deoxyribonucleotides contain a ____ ____ that has a ____ group attached to the ___ sugar carbon and ____ ___, ____, _____, ____, or ____, to the ___ sugar carbon

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, 5’, nitrogenous base, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), `1’

83
Q

The _____ in one DNA strand are all oriented in the ____ ____, which is determined by the __ and ___ sugar carbons.

A

nucleotides, same direction, 3’, 5’

84
Q

The ___ group on the __ sugar carbon is attached to the ___ group on the ___ sugar carbon in what is called a _____ bond.

A

phosphate, 5’, hydroxyl, 3’, phosphodiester

85
Q

The ___ of the nucleotides is one strand is ____ to the orientation in the other strands, so the strands are said to be _____ to each other, with one running __ to __ in one direction and the other running __ to __ in the opposite direction.

A

orientation, opposite, antiparallel, 5’, 3’, 5’, 3’

86
Q

The two strands in DNA are bound together by ____ _____ between ____, with __ bonded to __ by ___ hydrogen bonds and __ bonded to __ by ___ hydrogen bonds.

A

hydrogen bonds, bases, A, T, two, G, C, three

87
Q

The bonded bases, A with T and G with C, are called ___ ____

A

base pairs

88
Q

Since AT base pairs only have two hydrogen bonds whereas GC base pairs have three, the two strands in DNA molecules that have a higher GC content are more _____ bound together than the strands with a lower GC content.

A

tightly

89
Q

The number of DNA molecules per chromosomes is ____ at different stages of the ___ _____

A

different, cell cycle

90
Q

The cell division cycle is a description of the events between the moment a cell is ____ through the time that the cell has ____, ___ its contents, and ____ to produce __ cells.

A

created, grown, doubled, divided, two

91
Q

G1 phase

A

just born, DNA content not duplicated (unreplicated chromosome)

92
Q

S phase

A

DNA is being actively replicated

93
Q

G2 Phase

A

DNA has been replicated, cells readying for cell division (replicated chromosome)

94
Q

M phase

A

replicated chromosomes are folded up (condensed), then split into two unreplicated chromosomes and separated into two new cells

95
Q

Each chromosome in a G1 phase cells contains one ____, _____ ______ DNA molecule

A

long, double stranded

96
Q

Each chromosome in an S phase cell contains ____ that is undergoing ____

A

DNA, replication

97
Q

Each chromosome in a G2 phase cell is completely ____ and contains ___ double-stranded DNA molecules

A

replicated, two

98
Q

Each chromosome in an M phase cell up to metaphase contains ____ double-stranded DNA molecules and contains ___ after anaphase begins

A

two, one

99
Q

The ____ of genetic material in the nucleus is _____

A

location, organized

100
Q

each chromosome occupies a ___ location in the nucleus – ____ ____

A

discrete, chromosome territories

101
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly compacted chromosome structures

102
Q

heterochromatin are located at the ____ of the nucleus

A

periphery

103
Q

DNA is folded up into ____ more ____ chromosome structures

A

increasingly, compact

104
Q

____ + histones ___, ____, ___, and ____ form nucleosomal DNA (beads on a string)

A

DNA, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

105
Q

_____ DNA + histone ___ forms coiled nucleosome fibers

A

nucleosomal, H1

106
Q

Coiled nucleosome fibers are looped into looped domains by _____

A

cohesins

107
Q

Loops are folded up further by _____ during M phase

A

condensins

108
Q

Interphase is

A

G1, S, and G2

109
Q

Interphase chromosomes contain _____, _____ _____, and ____ _____

A

euchromatin, constitutive heterochromatin, facultative heterochromatin

110
Q

Euchromatin is the _____ folded chromosome structure, containing genes that can be ____

A

least, expressed

111
Q

Heterochromatin is a more ____ folded, _____ chromosome structure , containing genes that are not being _____

A

highly, compact, expressed

112
Q

Constitutive heterochromatin is found in chromosome regions that are _____ packed in heterochromatin (____ and _____)

A

always, centromeres, telomeres

113
Q

Facultative heterochromatin is found in chromosome regions that are packed in ____ in some cell types but in _____ in others

A

heterochromatin, euchromatin

114
Q

The structure of chromatin at a particular location on a chromosome can be _____/______

A

modified/regulated

115
Q
A

BIO 315 (4 decks)

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