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Geology > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Following the Big Bang, the Universe is Thought to Have Been Extremely Simple. It Consisted of Huge Clouds of…

A

Hydrogen and Helium

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2
Q

Earth’s Surface is Substantially Protected from Solar Wind and Cosmic Radiation By…

A

Earth’s Magnetic Field

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3
Q

The Upper Mantle is Composed of…

A
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4
Q

The Angular Distance Between Where a Compass Needle Points and a Line of Longitude at a Given Location is Best Described as…

A

Declination

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5
Q

Polar Wind Path’s Best Describe…

A
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6
Q

In the Modern View, Which of the Following Forces Most Strongly Influences the Motion of Lithospheric Plates?

A

Ridge-Push Force that Results From Gravity Acting on Elevated Lithosphere at the Mid-Ocean Ridge

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7
Q

A Subduction Zone is an Example of a Convergent Margin. A Good Example of this Type of Tectonic Plate Boundary Is…

A
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8
Q

Recent and Ongoing Collision of the Indian Subcontinent and Asia Has Resulted in (the)…

A

Himalayan Mountains

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9
Q

Silicate Minerals…

A

Are Composed of Silica Tetrahedra Arranged in Different Patterns

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10
Q

The Solubility of Halite (common salt, NaCl) Can Be Attributed to its ____ Bonds.

A

Ionic

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11
Q

The Extraordinary Hardness of Diamond (C) Can Be Attributed to its ______ Bonds

A

Covalent

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12
Q

The Process of Compacting and Cementing Sediments to Form Sedimentary Rocks is Known as…

A

Lithification

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13
Q

Decompression Melting is Commonly Associated With…

A

Divergent Boundaries

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14
Q

Intermediate Magma…

A
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15
Q

Which of the Following Igneous Rocks is Most Likely to Contain Quartz (SiO2)?

A

Granite

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16
Q

Gabbro is a Mafic, Intrusive Rock. In Terms of Chemical Composition and Minerology, Gabbro is Most Similar to…

A

Basalt

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17
Q

Which Type of Magma Might be Produced if Continental Crust Were Melted?

A

Felsic

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18
Q

When Lava Crystallizes on Earth’s Surface, It Does so Rapidly, Over a Relatively Short Period of Time. Most Significantly, This Results in _____ Igneous Rock.

A

Finer Grained (smaller crystals)

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19
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series Describes the Order in Which Minerals Crystallize Out of Magma as it Cools from High to Low Temperatures. According to Bowen’s Reaction Series, the Last Mineral to Crystallize (at the lowest temperatures) are…

A

Mafic Minerals, Such as Hornblende

20
Q

_____ is Solid Glass, is Typically Dark in Color, and is Essentially Free of Gas Bubbles

A

Obsidian

21
Q

An Igneous Rock (or magma) That is Relatively Poor in Silica (approximately 45-50% SiO2) is Said to be…

A

Mafic

22
Q

A Volcanic Hazard Map…

A

Highlights Area Most Likely to be Affected by Volcanic Activity, Including Pyroclastic Flows and Lahars.

23
Q

Which Type of Magma (lava) is Typically the Most Viscous?

A

Felsic

24
Q

A Slurry of Volcanic Ash and Debris, Much Like Wet Concrete, That Constitutes a Hot or Cold Mudflow is Called…

A

Lahar?

25
Q

Mt. Fuji is a Very Large, 12,000 Ft High, Steep Sided, Conical Volcano That Consists of Alternating Layers of Lava Flows, Tephra, and Volcanic Debris. Mt. Fuji is an Example of…

A

Stratovolcano

26
Q

Yellowstone Hotspot Volcanism is so Different from Hawaiian Hotspot Volcanism Because…

A

The Yellowstone Hotspot Interacts with Continental Crust Rather Than Oceanic Crust

27
Q

Most Volcanoes in the Circum-Pacific Region (Including Japan, Alaska, and Western South America), Commonly Known as the “Ring of Fire”, Relate To…

A

Subduction Zones

28
Q

Volcanic Bombs Are..

A

Masses of Lava Ejected While Molten and Aerodynamically Shaped.

29
Q

Submarine Volcanic Eruptions, Such as Those at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Commonly Produce…

A

Pyroclastic Flows?

30
Q

Effusive Volcanic Eruptions, Including Lava Fountains, Are Often Driven By…

A

Bubbles of Volcanic Gas Exsolving from the Magma, Similar to Bubbles Escaping from a Soda Bottle.

31
Q

The Formation of a Cave System by an Underground River Flow Through Limestone Bedrock is a Good Example of…

A

Dissolution

32
Q

Quartz is a Common Component of River Sand Because…

A

Its Covalent Bonds and Silica Tetrahedra Make it Resistant to Chemical and Physical Weathering

33
Q

Joints are Vertical Cracks in Bedrock. Which of the Following Weathering Processes Does NOT Affect Joints?

A

All of These Processes Can Occur in Joints.

34
Q

Which of the Following Best Describes Interactions Between Physical and Chemical Weathering?

A
35
Q

Saltation Describes..

A

The “Jumping” Movement of Sediment Transported by Wind or Water.

36
Q

Meandering Rivers, Such as the Mississippi River, are Characterized by a Single River Channel That Curves, or “Meanders,” Across the Landscape. Meandering Rivers..

A
37
Q

The Rubber Duck River is 10m Wide, 1m Deep, and Flows with a Velocity of 0.2 m/s. What is the Discharge of This River?

A
38
Q

The Rubber Duck River Has a Gradient of 0.9m/km. The Gecko River Has a Gradient of 0.07 m/km. Based on This Information, Which of the Following is Most Likely to be TRUE?

A

The Rubber Duck River Flows FASTER, on average, Than The Gecko River.

39
Q

Glaciers Advance When…

A

Snow Accumulation Increases.

40
Q

The Schematic Image Below Shows Crossbedding Preserved in Sandstone. Crossbedding is the Result of…

A

The Movement of Sand Dunes, Where Sand is Deposited on the Downwind Side of the Dune.

41
Q

Shale is a Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rock Characterized by Very Thin Layers of Silt and Clay. In Which of the Following Sedimentary Environments is Shale Most Likely to Form?

A

A Lake

42
Q

Tillite is a Sedimentary Rock Formed from Glacier Till (sediments deposited at the toe of a glacier). Based on What You Know About Glacier Environments and Sediments, Which of the Following Best Describes Tillite?

A

A Rock Consisting of Poorly Sorted, Angular Sediments with a Wide Range of Sizes, Including Boulders.

43
Q

Rounded Grains are an Indication That…

A

The Grains Have Been Transported Far From Their Source.

44
Q

Limestone is an Example of..

A
45
Q

Clay is a Common Component of Fine-Grained Clastic Sedimentary Rocks. Clay is Formed…

A

Through the Chemical Weathering Process Known as Hydrolysis.

Geology (6 decks)

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