Exam 2 Review Flashcards
The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping:
Asexual organisms
The figure seen here can represent which of the following:
Adaptive radiation, Cladogenesis
A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is:
Geographic isolation
An ecological niche is best defined as:
An organism’s use of the abiotic and biotic resources in its environment
Exponential growth is seen in which of the following situations?
a. Reintroduction of a species to a habitat
b. In r-selected species
c. Recovery of a species from overhunting
d. Species not affected by density-dependent factors
Reintroduction of a species to a habitat, In r-selected species, Recovery of a species from overhunting, Species not affected by density-dependent factors
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, some communities’ species diversity is increased by:
Moderate levels of disturbance
The occurrence of meta populations tends to:
Increase the range of a population.
The sesiid moth is a harmless insect that has coloration and wing patterns similar to the hornet wasp, which is an unpalatable and dangerous organism. This is an example of:
Batesian Mimicry
Which best illustrates a population:
a. All of the animals and plants in a forest
b. Sea otters and harbor seals in Yakutat bay, off the coast of Alaska
c. Sea otters in Yakutat bay, Southeast Alaska
d. Sea otters, harbor seals, walruses, and whales
e. All of the animals in the arctic tundra
Sea otters in Yakutat bay, Southeast Alaska
Reproductive trade-offs exist because resources are limited. A bird that lays many eggs is likely to lay _______ eggs than a bird that lays few eggs. If a bird lays many eggs one season, it is likely to lay ________ eggs the following year.
Smaller; fewer
Although crowded together at high tide, shorebirds begin to sort themselves out into preferred feeding habitats as the tide recedes. Least Sandpipers remain on drier, algae-covered mud; beyond them, Red Knots and Dunlins concentrate on bare, wet mud. Farther out, the long-legged Short-billed Dowitchers wade while rapidly probing the mud beneath the shallow water, accompanied by Greater Yellowlegs skimming prey from the water surface or swinging their bills back and forth to snare small fishes. On sandy, wave-washed soils Sanderlings dash nimbly back and forth at the very edge of the ebb and flow, probing the sand for tiny shrimp-like crustaceans
Resource partitioning
When spatial distribution of a population is such that individuals are in close proximity to each other in order to be close to resources, the most likely pattern would be
Clumped
Which of the following organisms would be the “pioneers” of an old abandoned farm land that is undergoing succession?
Weeds
The world is green, despite the many primary consumers feeding on plants, as a result of:
Plant defenses against herbivores such as noxious chemicals, spines, thorns, hairs, prickles, etc., low nutrient supply contained in plants which usually limit herbivores., abiotic factors such as unfavorable seasonal changes in temperature and moisture., factors such as competition, disease, parasitism, and predation that keep herbivores in check.
The _____________________ of an environment is determined solely by the availability of resources in the environment. It represents the maximum sustainable population size in an environment. In this respect, it is a feature of the habitat, not of the population.
Carrying capacity
Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillarus) grows in contaminated soil along metal mines in South Wales as well as in non-contaminated soils. The bentgrass that has adapted to the contaminated soils can no longer inhabit the non-contaminated soils. Which type of speciation is occurring in this case?
Sympatric
The principle of _________________________________ states that two species cannot occupy identical niches.
Competitive exclusion
________________________ is a measure of an ecosystem’s sunlight and precipitation and an indicator of biodiversity
Evapotranspiration
Species diversity is measured by the ____________________________, which is the total number of different species; and by the
____________________________, which is proportion each species represents.
Species richness; abundance
A type of nematode develops within a fungus and is dispersed along with the fungal spores. The nematodes land on the vegetation to be eaten by deer. The fungus are the nematode’s ____________________________ host, while the deer are considered the nematode’s ____________________________ host.
Intermediate/secondary; final/primary
In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed can be considered a(n):
Keystone species
A ______________________ is defined as populations of different species that interact with each other in a given area.
Community
When studying population dynamics, ecologists measure additions to the population as a function of births plus immigration and loss of individuals to the population as a function of deaths plus
Emigration
From 2008-2011, scientists studying the Northern fur seal populations off the coast of Alaska at the Polovina cliffs Rookery in St. Paul’s Island tagged females and tracked their survivorship and age-specific fertility. They found the following: ∑lxmx=0.79. What can you say about the population’s growth during that period of time?
It is declining
The overall growth rate per generation is the number of offspring born to all females of all ages, or ∑lxmx. This sum can tell us if a population is growing or not. We call this value the
Net reproductive rate
Bromeliads are epiphytes that grow on the bark of tropical trees and collect the nutrient-rich water that drips through the canopy of the tree but do not tap into the vascular system of the trees or damage it any way
Commensalism
The zombie snail is infected by a fungus that changes the color of its antennae in order to gain the attention of a specific bird, the organism it needs to complete its life cycle
Endoparasitism
Tiny mites “hitch” a ride inside the nostrils of hummingbirds to in order to land on the flowers which they eat
Phoresy-commensalism
The bott fly lays its eggs inside the skin of warm-blooded organisms so that the larvae can develop until they are ready to come out, at which point the burst through the skin
Parasitoid
Hookworm larvae are common in areas contaminated by feces. They enter though exposed feet, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, are coughed up, swallowed, and enter the digestive tract to complete its life cycle
Endoparasitism
Ticks can carry many diseases as they feed on the blood of mammals
Ectoparasitism
Corals have a special relationship with zooxanthellae, a type of algae that gives the coral its color. The algae gets the metabolic byproducts it needs from the corals for photosynthesizing while it provides organic compounds to the coral as a result of photosynthesis. Loss of the algae causes coral bleaching
Mutualism
Oxpeckers eat flecks of dead skin and parasites on the back of water buffaloes and other large grazing mammals.
Mutualism
The remora is a small fish with a special structure on its head that attaches to a shark and swims along with the shark in order to consume small pieces of flesh left over from the shark’s meal
Commensalism
Thorn ants live in the hollow thorns of a thorn tree. It removes unwanted weeds from the area and wards off herbivores as it gains droplets of nectar from the tree
Mutualism
Two species of frogs are mated in the lab and produce viable, offspring that cannot have young of its own.
Hybrid sterility
Two species of sea urchins release their gametes at the same time, but no cross fertilization occurs
Gametic
Two orchid species with different length nectar tubes are pollinated by different moths
Mechanical
Two species of mayflies emerge during different weeks in spring
Temporal
Two species of salamanders mate and produce offspring, but the hybrid’s offspring has genetic defects and cannot contribute young to subsequent generations.
Hybrid breakdown
Two species of birds have different mating rituals
Behavioral
