Exam 1 review Flashcards
The most common animals on earth belong to which group?
Insects
The island fox of the Channel Islands has evolved distinct features to foxes in the same genus that are located on the mainland continent. The island fox arrived there when landmasses were still together and later became separated due to geological processes.This is support that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. What applies to these organisms?
a. natural selection
b. the fossil record
c. genetic drift
d. biogeography
Biogeography, genetic drift, and natural selection
Which of the following is an example of discovery-based science?
a. characterization of an ecosystem
b. the human genome project
c. observing and cataloging tropical rainforest species
d. observing microscopic organisms to find distinguishing features
characterization of an ecosystem, the human genome project, observing and cataloging tropical rainforest species, observing microscopic organisms to find distinguishing features
The front limbs of humans, bats, birds, and whales all have a similar bone structure but serve different functions. This is considered an observation of evolution that is called:
Anatomical homology
Organisms that lack a defined nucleus are classified as:
Archaea and bacteria
Researchers have developed numerous drugs to combat the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) that causes AIDS. In using these drugs with many patients over the years, is noted that some viruses are resistant to the drugs. Some HIV types are able to recognize the drug 3TC. They have no advantage over the other HIV types. In fact, they replicate more slowly; but in the presence of the 3TC, the variety that can recognize the drug is more successful. What is likely to happen in this scenario?
Viruses that survive the early doses pass on the genes for resistance to 3TC to their progeny., The drug is acting as a selective pressure, favoring the HIV variety that can recognize it., A few resistant viruses may be present at the beginning of the treatment.
In what ways does the human population negatively affect biodiversity?
a. Introduction of invasive species
b. Removal of predators
c. Human development changes the habitats of many species, influencing natural selection on those species.
d. Global warming
Introduction of invasive species, Human development changes the habitats of many species, influencing natural selection on those species., Removal of predators, Global warming
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, “The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.” Which statement would you use to correct this student’s misconception?
a. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance
b. Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life are generally not passed on through genes
c. Only favorable adaptations have survival value
d. Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits
e. Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival
Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life are generally not passed on through genes
Which of the following individuals is most likely to survive malaria infested environments assuming no access to drugs?
Heterozygote, H^AH^a
The following picture shows the differences between male and female cardinals. Note the male’s bright plumage color in comparison to the female’s coloration. This is an example of:
Sexual dimorphism
Geneticists who sampled DNA from Finns and from the European population at large found that Finns exhibit considerably less genetic variation than other Europeans. This evidence supports the hypothesis that Finns are descended from a small group of people who settled about 4,000 years ago in that area that is now Finland and remained separate from other European societies for centuries. Using your knowledge of evolutionary mechanisms, select everything you think may be playing a role in this scenario.
Founder effect, inbreeding, assortative mating, and non-random mating
Which of the following BEST describes the theory of natural selection?
Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation.
A strong general resemblance among the embryos of vertebrates, for example, the gill pouches and tails seen in human, chick, and cat embryos, is an example of:
Developmental homology
SCENARIO: Scientists have long believed that the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved from a single species of finch that migrated to the islands one to five million years ago. Recent DNA analyses support the conclusion that all of the Galapagos finches evolved from the warbler finch. Different species live on different islands. For example, the medium ground finch and the cactus finch live on one island. The large cactus finch occupies another island. One of the major changes in the finches is in their beak sizes and shapes.
In the finch population, what are the primary changes that occur gradually over time?
The proportions of finches having different traits within a population change
When describing the effects of genetic drift, we may say that an allele reaches “fixation.” What does this mean?
It has a frequency of 1.0
As embryos, all vertebrates possess a notochord, which eventually gives rise to the structures of the vertebral column. This is considered an observation of evolution that is called:
Developmental homology
Which of the following would describe artificial selection?
a. Breeding organisms for the purpose of generating certain favorable features or traits
b. Coloration changes in guppy populations in the absence of predators
c. Increased frequency of roaches that avoid sugar-baited poison traps
d. Modifying a trait in an organism to generate a different strain of that organism that is then valued agriculturally
Breeding organisms for the purpose of generating certain favorable features or traits, Modifying a trait in an organism to generate a different strain of that organism that is then valued agriculturally
In an experiment you design, you are noting the different species of butterflies that visit a butterfly. These data may be placed in which category or categories of data types?
Nominal and qualitative
Aardvarks, anteaters, and pangolins are distantly related but have adapted independently to their environments by having strong, sharp claws that they use to dig open and termite mounds. This is a result of
Convergent evolution
When a male black-legged poison dart frog (Phyllobates bicolor) calls for a female and another male responds to his call, the two males wrestle with each other. A similar feat occurs between two male golden mantella frogs (Mantella aurantiaca). This is an example of
Intrasexual selection
Female bower birds will selectively mate with those males that have the most elaborate and decorative bowers (nest sites). This is an example of
Intersexual selection
A type of insect known as a “water boatman” glides on the surface of ponds and lakes. Speed of gliding can determine which water boatmans are seen by the predatory fish that eat them. In one population, those insects that are fast gliders tend to evade predation due to their unpredictable motion. Those that barely move, and let the water take them along, are not spotted easily by fish either. The ones that glide at a steady pace are most noticeable to predators. ________________ is the selective pressure acting on the water boatman population.
Predation
