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BOT 107 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

scientific fact

A

indisputable observation of a natural or social phenomenon.

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2
Q

scientific law

A

explains WHAT phenomena happen, repeatedly tested

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3
Q

scientific theory

A

explains WHY phenomena occur, repeatedly tested

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4
Q

no final truths?

A

no absolute truths in science only approx. truths agreed upon by a consensus
(can change with new data)

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5
Q

Salinization

A

increase of salt concentration in soil
- can be caused by flooding of the land by seawater, seepage of seawater or brackish groundwater through the soil from below.
-most influential human-induced factors are land use, farming systems, land management and land degradation. Inappropriate irrigation practices (such as the use of salt-rich irrigation water) and insufficient drainage both cause salinization.

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6
Q

Deforestation

A

Purposeful clearing of forests, alters landscapes, increases flooding risk/runoff, prevent filling of aquifers
CAN CAUSE SALINIZATION

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7
Q

Breadfruit male flower

A

monoecious! appears before female flower, thousands of tiny yellow flowers, releases pollen for days
location: end of branches

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8
Q

Breadfruit female flower

A

appears after male flower, appears after 1500-2000 reduced flowers that merge to form flesh fruit,
no pollination required for a fruit to form (flowers fuse together
location: end of branches
TECH NOT A FRUIT BUT AN INFLORESCENCE

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9
Q

Inflorescence

A

cluster of many flowers and seeds contained inside a bulbous stem.

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10
Q

syconium (breadfruit)

A

Multiple flowers form one fruit, inside inverted Inflorescence (TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE)

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11
Q

indigenous species

A

found in a certain ecosystem due to natural processes such as natural distribution.
no man interference, same thing as native species!!

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12
Q

Breadfruit uses

A

The seeds and fruit of breadfruit are eaten as foods. The roots, leaves, and latex are used to make medicine. Breadfruit is used for arthritis, asthma, back pain, wound healing, ear infections, and other conditions,
-bark=fabric
-SAP, bark and roots have medicinal properties
-leaves can be used as sandpaper
-fruit offering to gods

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13
Q

ulu

A

breadfruit

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14
Q

Breadfruit types

A

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Artocarpus camansi Blanco, and Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul

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15
Q

Breadfruit Legends

A

Hawaiian: Story of Ku
-god Ku marries a Hawaiian woman and a breadfruit grew from his body after death
-considered magical tree
-ulu means to grow

Other:
-Famine, man and his family moved to the mountains, says he will turn into breadfruit tree in the morning

-Mostly all stories are concerned with the origin of the tree

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16
Q

Is Kiawe native to the Hawaiian Islands?

A

NO
introduced first by a French missionary, led to invasive takeover of the island
-could have also been introduced through ocean drift *seeds are buoyant
-disperal most common through cattle (digestion and stuck to fur)

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17
Q

Economic Impacts of Kiawe

A

Flowers vital economic resource in Hawaii
Production of honey for trade^

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18
Q

Kiawe ecological adaption to dry habitats

A

resillent in arid conditions/drought-like
can germinate in a wide range of soil pH and conditions

deep roots take more water than shallow rooted plants nearby, broad canopy (increased sun?)

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19
Q

Naturalized

A

non-native
grows and maintains itself over time w/o human help

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20
Q

Invasive

A

non-native
grows in many sites, quickly spreads, disrupts native communities

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21
Q

Dangers of Invasive species

A

1)loss of access to cultural keystone species
2) extinction of native plants
3) hard to control, can overtake property (vines)

22
Q

Sandalwood are ______________ species

A

hemiparasitic

23
Q

drupe fruit

A

fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed

ex) plum, cherry, avocado, peach

SANDLEWOOD

24
Q

hemiparasitic

A

plant that takes water from other plants roots (steals) to photosynthesize

25
Q

Sandlewood trade

A

1810: King Kamehameha conquers all islands and hawaii quickly becomes prime producer of sandlewood for trade.

1826: First written law was a sandlewood tax
-resulted in 2 major famines, people displaced from agriculture and fishing for sandlewood

1830: Sandlewood trade collapsed
-exhausted reserves in Hawaii, main producer shifted to india and SE Asia

-Sandlewood is VERY slow growing, needs optimal plants nearby because its a parasite, picky conditions

26
Q

Sandlewood

A

‘iliahi, santalum spp.

27
Q

What was exported in the Sandlewood trade

A

heartwood and oils
?

28
Q

Sandalwood “Mountains”

A

Chinese nickname for Hawaii during Sandalwood’s prime time/cash crop
-“Tahn Heung Sahn”

29
Q

Ti plant

A

Cordyline frticosa

30
Q

4 stimulants in tea

A

caffeine, theobromnine, theophylline, and L-theanine

-CAFFEINE MAKES IT ADDICTIVE/PHYSCOACTIVE

31
Q

Religious Values in Ficus. trees (FIG)

A

—sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
-“tree of knowledge”
-represents the presence and blessings of Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma
-represents peace and abundance

32
Q

Ecological Values of Ficus trees

A

-sacred groves (pro for conservation)
-food for faunal species
-mutual relationship with fig wasps
-sacred plants typically host a lot of ecosystems within them

33
Q

fruits of ficus spp.

A

inflorescence/synconium
FIGS
inverted flower

34
Q

Mutualism

A

beneficial to both organisms involved

ex) Ficus spp and Fig wasps
-Wasps pollinate Ficus, Wasps lay eggs in Ficus fruits

35
Q

Retting

A

soak ____ in water to soften it and then separate the fibers

36
Q

Plants fibers removed by retting

A

Hala, Hemp, cocos nucifera (husk), etc.

37
Q

Decortication

A

process of seperating thebast of a plant from the inner core
-physical

38
Q

Ginning

A

Mechanical separation offibers, seeds seperate through machines

ex cotton machines

39
Q

Aerial roots

A

roots above ground
anchors plant

ex) Hala (pandanus tectorius)

40
Q

epiphytic plant spp.

A

organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water or from debris accumulating around.

-Phorophytes: Plants on which epiphytes grow

ex: spanish moss, juniper, maybe sandalwood?

41
Q

What did Plato say about human impact on vegetation in Ancient Greece?

A

lost good soil due to overgrazing
water that used to be stored and absorbed by the soil now runoffs into the sea
loss of aquifers (uphill)
lack of restoration of groundwater supply

ALL DUE TO SEVERE DEFORESTATION/OVERCULTIVATION

42
Q

blanket bog

A

heavy rainfall caused minerals to be leached from the soil forming an impermeable layer in the soil known as an iron pan.
Water cant soak the layer so the soil aboved the iron pan became waterlogged and PEAT began to form

43
Q

Where are blanket bogs found

A

scotland, west of ireland

44
Q

Prerequisites of successful colonization of islands of remote oceania

A

1)techniques for explotiing reefs, lagoos, open waters
2) domestication of plants and animals
3)development og sopisticated boats
-need to carrypeople and agriculture over long distances.

45
Q

Human impact on vegetation in early civilizations?

A

destruction
domestication
deforestation
irrigation
salinization
overuse/overgrazing
etc.

46
Q

Importance of irrigation in rising communities

A

water managment is needed for successful large scale agriculture.

47
Q

Region that can be irrigated on long-term basis

A

1) abundant supply of good water
2)well drained soil
3)good regional drainage
4) A supply of fertilizer

IF ANY CONDITIONS FAIL, THE SYSTEM WILL EVENTUALLY FAIL

48
Q

enclosure of common lands resulted in

A

urbanization

49
Q

rugged terrain =

A

decreased deforestation

50
Q

ecological diversity in britan has been lost due to

A

intesification of agriculture
grazing and cultivation
urbanization

51
Q

Pudley Gorge

A

rather few area where nativespecies still dominate or are in relative abundance in the ecosystem

52
Q

where do fibers come from?

A

plant vascular tissue

BOT 107 (2 decks)

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