Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology > Exam 2- Respiratory system viral infections > Flashcards

Exam 2- Respiratory system viral infections Flashcards

1
Q

Feline Herpesvirus type 1 character of disease

A

localized upper respiratory infection

fever hypersalivation, sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, conjunctivitis

Ulceration fo mucous membranes of nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

ulcerative keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What age of animals are susceptible to a more severe disease in reference to FHV-1.

A

Kittens are most susceptible to disease.

hyperthermia. Severe, possible pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mode of entry for FHV-1

A

nasopharyngeal mucous membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is FHV-1 temperature sensitive

A

yes. This generally restricts the virus to the cooler, upper respiratory system.

In weak, skick kittens that develop hypothermia, viral infection may extend to the lungs and lead to fatal viral pneumonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do abortions occur with FHV-1

A

Aboritons are thought to be due to indirect effects such as fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are differentials for FHV-1?

A

feline calicivirus

Chlamydiophila psittaci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are methods of control for Feline viral Rhinotracheitis?

A
  • Vaccinations
    • injectable and intranasal products are available
    • goal is prevention of clniical disease
    • Does not prevent infection or shedding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the agent for Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis?

A

Gallid Herpesvirus type -1

GHV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are clinical signs for GHV-1 aka Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis

A

localized upper respiratory infection: coughing, sneezing, depression, nasal and ocular discharge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cause of death for Gallid Herpesvirus type 1

A

mortality is due to suffocation on blood in the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are other differentials for a chicken that has GHV-1 (avian lnfectious lymphotracheitis)

A

avian infectious bronchitis

avian influenza

Newcastle’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are control measures for GHV-1 (avian infectious lymphotracheitis)?

A

vaccination with attenuated strains, or naturally-occuring low-virulence strains. Avoid adding vaccinated, recovered or exposed birds to a susceptible flock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what family of viruses do influenza viruses belong?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is Orthomyxoviridae enveloped? Explain the genetic material

A

Yes, this is an enveloped virus

It is a single sense RNA, with a segmented genome

Prone to antigenic drift, and antigenic shift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain Antigenic Drift in reference to Influenza

A

minor antigenic change

due to point mutations in viral RNA

Gradual accumulation of changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain antigenic shift in reference to Influenza

A

Major antigenic changes

due to reassortment of viral genes

occurs very suddenly

can alter host range fo virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do genera classifications for Influenza occur?

A

Antigenic characterization of nucleoprotein and matrix proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the major reservoir of influenza virus?

A

Waterfowl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What animal is considered the mixing vessel for influenza?

A

Swine

Mixing vessel for avian and swine flu strains that then can be passes to human and equine populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the major subtypes for equine influenza viruses?

A

H7N7

H3N8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the character of disease for Equine influenza?

A
  • localized to the respiratory tract
    • replicate and induce pathological changes throughout respiratory tract
    • Most significant pathology in the lower respiratory tract
  • Clinical Signs
    • high fever
    • Nasal discharge
    • coughing can persist for up to 3 weeks
    • retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy and tachypenia
    • depression, anorexia, weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Eqine influenza virus?

A
  • replication islocalized to the respiratory tract, mainly upper portions and trachea
  • Virus replication leads to cell death-lysis and apoptosis
  • Denuding of respiratory epithelial cells leads to disruption of mucocilliary clearance and secondary bacterial infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the methods of transmission for Equine influenza?

A
  • Influenza ciruses are highly contagious
  • Rapid spread by aerosols in the rule, especially in a confined, poorly ventilated area such as a barn
  • virus shedding is up to 6-7 days post-infection in iexperimental infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are symptoms associated with a presumptive diagnosis of Equine influenza?

A
  • rapidly spreading epizootic of an acute, febrile respiratory disease characterized by a dry hacking cough
  • Does not have to be severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are other diagnostics for a horse that is infected with equine influenza?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

Equine viral arteritis

Equine rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are control methods of Equine Influenza?

A
  • management- isolate affected horses
  • Vaccination- effective but short duration
    • Proper timing important
      • Use strategically to protect during high risk periods
    • Intranasal product is available and offers a little more protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Canine Influenza Virus Overview

A

Viral respiratory pathogen in dogs following cross species transmission and spread of H3N8

Has been spreading rapidly, and is seen in animal shelters, adoption groups, pet stores etc.

Becoming widespread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are agents for the canine influenza virus?

A

H3N8

H3N2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of Canine Influenza Virus?

A
  • Mimics kennel cough
  • Most clinical signs persist for 10-21 days.
  • Purulent nasal discharge associated with secondary bacterial infections
  • Low-grade fever
  • Severe form associated with signs of penumonia
  • consolidation of lung lobes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are routes of transmission for Canine Influenza?

A

spread via aerosolized respiratory secretions and contaminated fomites.

infected dogs shed virus for 7-10 days after clinical signs first appear.

All dogs, regardless of breed or age, are susceptible to infection and have no naturally acuqired or vaccine-induced immunity

virtually all dogs that are exposed become infected with the virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the prevention/control mechanisms for Canine Influenza?

A

No vaccine is available to protect against CI

Routine biosecurity precautions are key to preventing spread

easily killed by disinfectants

Isolation protocols should be rigorously applied for dogs showing respiratory signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine influenza

A

inappetence and weight loss

fever, lethargy

cough and dyspnea

nasal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the strains of influenza associated with swine?

A

H1N1 classic swine influenza

Newer subtypes recently emerged (H3N2, H1N2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are methods for transmission for Swine Influenza

A

highly contagious, high morbidity, and rapid aerosol spread

source of virus can be either introduction of newly infected swine, or shedding by carriers int he herd initiated by stress

Swine flu also infects humans and turkeys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are additional differentials for a pig infected with Swine Influenza?

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are methods for control for Swine Influenza?

A
  • Management
    • Isolate the infected pigs
    • good nutrition, comfortable, low-stress environment
  • Vaccination
    • Commercially available killed vaccines
    • Effectiveness compromised by antienic drift and shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Avian influenza agents

A

Both low and high path strains are found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What strains of avian influenza are most common in domestic birds

A

Low Path Avian Influenzas are most common in domestic birds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the features of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza?

A
  • arise from mutation of LPAI virus in infected poultry
  • Severe systemic infections with high mortality
  • Historically called fowl plague
  • Up to 100% mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What protease is associated with clevage of low path avian influenza?

A

Trypsin-like proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What protease is associated with High Path avian influenza?

A

furin-like proteases

42
Q

How does transmission of Avian Influenza occur

A

Migrating birds play a major role in disseminating viruses around the world

Transmission between individual birds by ingestion or inhalation

Airborne dissemination over limited distances

Contaminated fomites contribute to epizootics

43
Q

What are differentials for a bird that is positive for LPAI

A

avian infectious laryngotracheitis

Other respiratory infections

44
Q

What are other differentials for a bird with HPAI?

A

Pasteurellosis (P. multocida)

Newcastle Disease

45
Q

What are methods for control for a bird with Avian Influenza?

A
  • Inactivated vaccines.
    • The use of these vaccines requires approval of the state veterinarian
    • Use of H5 & H7 AI vaccines in the USA requires USDA aproval
46
Q

Is treatment of Avian Influenza with antiviral compounds approved

A

it is not recommended or approved

47
Q

What is the response if there is an epizootic outbreak of Avian Influenza?

A

quarantine and depopulation

48
Q

H5N1 and recent outbreaks

A

This is commonly known as the “Bird Flu”

Highly pathogenic- spreads rapidly

Causes highly lethal, systemic disease with up to 100% mortality

LPAI H5N1 was identified in the US

49
Q

What is a cause for concern with regards to human infection and Avian Influenza?

A

H5N1 entrenched, more human cases are likely

Rare cases limited human to human spread

Clusters of human influenza may indicate increased incidence of human to human spread and adaptive mutations

Current H5N1 viruses are more virulent, and survive longer in the environment

50
Q

What is being done to prevent/control pandemic of human H5N1?

A

surveillance

Vaccines

Drugs

51
Q

Paramyxoviridae genome structure

A

large enveloped single stranded (-) RNA virus

Helical nucleocapsid symmetry

Replicates in the cytoplasm.

52
Q

List the 5 genera of Paramyxoviridae we are concerned with in Veterinary Medicine

A

Respirovirus

Avulavirus

Morbillivirus

Henipavirus

Pneumovirus

53
Q

What are general properties of Paramyxoviridae

A
  • Fragile enveloped RNA virus
  • Induce syncytial cell formation and or intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
  • The genome is not segmented, so there is no genetic reassortment as in the Orthomyxoviruses
54
Q

What genus is associated with Parainfluenza viruses of dogs, cattle, sheep, horses and other species

A

Respirovirus

-generally mild upper respiratory infections

55
Q

List some agents associated with canine respiratory disease complex (kennel cough)

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Canine parainfluenza virus

Canine adenovirus- Type 2

Canine distemper virus

Canine herpes virus

Mycoplasma spp.

56
Q

What is the pathogenesis and methods of transmission for Parainfluenza viruses?

A
  • Pathogenesis
    • disease localized to the upper respiratory tract (no replication in macrophages) (in contrast with canine distemper)
    • Can be excreted from the respiratory tract for 8-10 days post infection
  • Transmission
    • Aerosol appears to be the most common route.
57
Q

What are methods for controlling Canine Parainfluenza infections?

A

Vaccination- dogs should be vaccinated at least 10 days prior to potential contact.

58
Q

Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3) character of disease

A

replication in the epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract. Mild respiratory disease or subclinical infection.

This is a common upper respiratory pathogen of cattle and sheep.

Serves as an initiator that can lead to a secondary bacterial infection

59
Q

what agents play an important role in shipping fever?

A

PI-3 -Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus

IBR (BHV-1)

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Mannheimia haemolytica

Pasteurella

Mycoplasma

Enterovirus

Adenovirus

60
Q

What are synonyms for Bovine respiratory disease complex aka shipping fever

A

hemorrhagic septicemia, shipping fever, shipping pneumonia, stockyard fever

61
Q

what are the primary target cells for PI-3 infected cattle?

A

Epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract are the primary target cells.

62
Q

How is PI-3 transmitted?

A

Aerosol

  • infected cattle are the prime source for the continuity of the bovine PI-3 in nature
63
Q

What are methods for control of PI-3

A

management and husbandry

Vaccination (MLV or inactivated, usually in combination with BHV-1)

antibiotics to prevent bacterial complications

64
Q

Bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonitis in sheep

A

Caused by an Ovine PI-3 virus infection

65
Q

Common term for Avian Parainfluenzavirus -1

A

Newcastle disease

From the genus Avulavirus

66
Q

What is the character of disease associated with Newcastle Disease?

A

Acute, highly contagious disease of chickens, turkeys and other birds

Clinically characterized by respiratory disease, neurological disease, enteritis, hemorrhages, and often high mortality

Severity of disease may vary from subclinical to over 90%

67
Q

What are the 3 general forms of Newcastle disease that are recognized?

A

Lentogenic - mildly pathogenic

Mesogenic- moderately pathogenic

Velogenic- markedly pathogenic

68
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Newcastle disease?

A

virus enters by mouth or by aerosol transmission

early replication occurs in the upper respiratory tract

Pathogenesis and tissues affected after the initial replication depend on the strain of the NVD,and the species/ age of bird involved.

69
Q

what strains of Newcastle disease have been present in the US? What are the clinical signs associated with infections based on the ages of the birds.

A

Lentogenic and Mesogenic strains

  • Adult chickens
    • sudden onset with mild depression, anorexia
    • Drop in egg production
    • mild resp. signs
    • mortality is low
  • Chicks
    • Sudden onset with marked respiratory signs
      • gasping, coughing, hoarse chirping and nasal discharge
    • CNS disease may accompany or closely follow resp. signs
    • mortality of 50-95% is common
70
Q

Discuss the velotropic and neurotropic forms of the velogenic strains of newcastle

A
  • Viscerotropic form
    • Marked dyspnea
    • Conjunctivitis, subcutaneous swelling around eye
    • Greenish watery diarrhea
    • Severe depression leading to death
  • Neurotropic form
    • Conjunctivitis, dyspnea
    • Nervous tremors of head
    • Torticollis, wing or leg paralysis
    • Death in 2 or 3 days
71
Q

What are methods of transmission for Newcastle Disease

A
  • Virus-containing excretions contaminate other birds and fomites
    • fecal-oral or aerosol transmission
  • Velogenic ND is introduced by imported cage birds or fighting cocks
  • Velogenic ND is an exotic disease- strict importation controls
72
Q

How do you diagnose Newcastle disease ?

A

Virus isolation is essential. Trachea is a good source for virus isolation

73
Q

What are additional differentials for a bird with Newcastle disease

A

avian influenza

Infectious laryngotracheitis

Fowl cholera (P. multocida)

74
Q

What diseases are caused by the genus morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae

A

canine distemper virus

Rinderpest

Measles

75
Q

Discuss Canine Distemper distribution

A

this is a worldwide highly contagious disease of dogs, raccoons, and ferrets.

Systemic virus infection

Main target organs: respiratory, CNS, enteric

76
Q

What are the acute and systemic clinical signs of Canine Distemper virus

A

fever-often biphasic

Rhinitis, serous nasal discharge, conjunctivitis

Bronchitis, catarrhal pneumonia

Gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea.

77
Q

What are the CNS disease signs in Canine distemper?

A

Neurologic disease with encephalitis, seizures seen in some dogs

Usually in animals with overwhelming infection, or inadequate immune response

Virus invades the brain, establish inflammatory brain disease and perhaps persists for many months

78
Q

Describe Chronic Distemper

A
  • seen in post-distemper dogs which develop a persistent infection
  • infection of foot-pad epithelium and dental epithelium
    • foot pad hyperkeratosis
    • enamel hypoplasia
  • Can lead years later to “Old Dog Encephalitis”
    • chronic demyelinating disease which is a sequela of persistent infection
79
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Canine Distemper ?

A
  • virus enters across the nasopharyngeal mucous membranes
  • Replication in phagocytic cells of tonsils and trachea
  • Replication in macrophages.
  • Primary viremia
  • virus spread to central lymphoid tissues- infects monocytes and lymphocytes
  • Secondary replication in central lymphoid centers (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
  • secondary viremia with 2nd febrile episode
  • blood-borne virus infects target organs
80
Q

How does the body respond during Canine Distemper infection

A
  • neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses.
    • Since the virus is cell associated, cytotoxic mechanisms are a very important component in recovery
  • The adequacy of the immune response correlates inversely with disease severity.
    • Low levels of virus may persist with mild to inapparent illness
81
Q

What happens in a Canine distemper infection if the immune response is not sufficient

A

virus spread to multiple organs

skin, GI, respiratory, enteric, genitourinary

Dramatic clinical signs associated with severe catarrhal distemper

Systemic disease

skin lesions

Neurological disease

Prognosis: Guarded

82
Q

What are methods of transmission for canine distemper

A
  • virus is spread by secretions: direct contact and short-distance aerosols.
    • recovered dogs or dogs with CNS disease do not shed virus
    • No subclinical shedding as with many enteric viruses
  • Transplacental infections can occur from viremic dams
83
Q

What are primary differential diagnoses for an animal with Canine distemper?

A

Parainfluenza virus

canine adenovirus

Infectious canine hepatitis

Parvovirus, rabies

84
Q

What are preferred diagnostic samples for a Canine distemper case?

A

brain

kidney

urinary bladder

lung

stomach

85
Q

What are methods for control for Canine Distemper cases?

A

Properly vaccinated dogs are fully protected from disease

Immunity is long lived

Maternal antibodies will interfere with Vx

86
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

component of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Can cause significant disease on its own as it has pulmonary involvement- upper and lower respiratory tract disease

87
Q

What are the clinical signs of BRSV infection

A
  • acute lower respiratory tract disease
  • fever, nasal discharge, respiratory distress, coughing, and lacrimation
  • subpleural and interstitial emphysema and respiratory distress is common
  • usually seen in weaned beef calves.
  • Associated with respiratory disease in sheep and goats.
88
Q

Is BRSV a biphasic disease

A

yes

mild clinical sings, recovery, more severe disease of extreme respiratory distress.

89
Q

Pathogenesis of BRSV

A
  • loss of ciliated epithelium after infection, compromises pulmonary clearance leading to a secondary infection.
  • Subpleural and interstitial emphysema and syncytial cells in the lungs.
90
Q

Transmission of BRSV

A

Virus spreads rapidly through aerosols or droplets of respiratory excretions

Infections are most common during winter months due to the confined housing conditions

91
Q

What are control methods for BRSV

A
  • management
    • adequate passive transfer
  • Vaccination
92
Q

what are the general properties of Caliciviridae

A

non-enveloped, non-segmented RNA viruses (+)ss

Cause respiratory and/or enteric diseases in host

three genera based on the capsid protein

93
Q

What are significant Veterinary Caliciviruses?

A
  • Feline calicivirus
  • Vesicular exanthema of swine
  • Calf enteritis calicivirus
  • Rabbit Calicivirus
94
Q

Feline Calicivirus

A
  • member of the feline respiratory disease complex with FHV-1
  • FCV is a very common pathogen of cats worldwide. The highest incidence occurs in adoption shelters and catteries.
95
Q

what is the character of disease in Feline Calicivirus infection

A
  • acute, highly contagious,
  • Localized to the respiratory tract. Some strains may affect the lung and cause a true pneumonia.
  • Fever, sneezing and coughing, nasal and ocular discharge, hypersalivation
  • Ulceration of the tongue, hard palate, tip of the nose is common
96
Q

Pathogenesis of Feline Calicivirus

A
  • Short incubation period- febrile response and clinical signs develop within 3 days
  • Local infection of the oropharyngeal epithelium (upper respiratory tract, and conjunctiva, epithelium of the third eyelid.
  • In severe cases - may spread to the epithelium of the trachea and bronchioles.
  • synergism between FCV and feline panleukopenia virus infections has been demonstrated in experimental infections.
97
Q

What does it mean to be a carrier state of FCV?

A
  • Following resolution of clinical signs, infected cats develop persistent infections with intermittent shedding that lasts for months or years.
  • Virus persists in tonsillar and other oropharyngeal tissues
  • Lifelong persistence or spontaneous clearance.
98
Q

What are methods of transmission for Feline Calicivirus

A

primarily through direct contact, also contaminated fomites

Large quantities of the virus are shed in oronasal secretions during acute disease.

FCV also shed in the feces

The virus is maintained in the cat population by PI carrier cats

99
Q

What is another differential for a cat that is infected with Feline Calicivirus?

A

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

100
Q

What are methods for controlling FCV?

A

vaccines are often effective at modifying clinical disease. but not infection or shedding

Virology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions