Exam 2 - Respiration Flashcards
During respiration, we have to distinguish between what two types of breathing?
- nose breathing
- mouth breathing
Refer to those individuals who may have a certain degree of nose breathing capacity but for one reason or the other breathe mainly through their mouth
mouth breathing
EXAM QUESTION What are the 6 causes of reduced nasal respiratory function?
- large adenoids and/or tonsils
- nasal allergies
- deviated septa
- neoplasms
- trauma
- polyp formation
Both tonsils and adenoids are part of a collection of lymphoid tissues known as the
Waldeyer’s Ring
EXAM QUESTION In the waldeyer’s ring, the lymphoid tissue encircles the
posterior pharynx
EXAM QUESTION What are the three parts of the waldeyer’s ring?
- lingual tonsil: at base of tongue
- 2 palatine tonsils: on sides of tongue
- adenoids or “pharyngeal tonsil” behind
Label the Waldeyer’s Ring
EXAM QUESTION These structures are in a critical anatomy site for immune protection
adenoids
EXAM QUESTION How are the adenoids in contact with viruses in bacteria?
result of nasal airflow
Where are the palatine tonsils?
EXAM QUESTION True or false: Adenoids can be infected and hypertrophy
true
EXAM QUESTION In the adenoids, hypertrophy may be transient and related either to
allergy
repeated infection
How large can adenoids swell?
2-3 cm
True or false: Swelling of the adenoids will not interfere with air passage through the nasal cavity
False, it will interfere with air passage through the nasal cavity
Swelling in the adenoids can obstruct what two structures?
- eustacian tubes
- maxillary sinus openings
EXAM QUESTION What are the 4 types of adenoid hypertrophy?
- mouth breathing
- nocturnal snoring
- repeated episodes of otitis media
- repeated episodes of sinusitis
EXAM QUESTION What 3 things are used to diagnose adenoid hypertrophy?
- examination of nares
- examination of palatal vault with an indirect mirror
- radiologic examination (i.e., lateral cephalogram with mouth open)
EXAM QUESTION During radiographic examination of adenoid hypertrophy what type of exam is done?
lateral cephalogram WITH MOUTH OPEN
a form-function cranial growth theory
Adenoid “facies”
True or false: In the scientific method, there is a clear distinction between facts, which can be observed and/or measured, and theories, which are the scientists’ explanations and interpretations of the facts.
True
Individual who has a long history of mouth breathing may have facial growth problems
Adenoid “Facies”
EXAM QUESTION What 5 features can be used to describe an individual with Adenoid Facies?
- open mouth posture
- nose that appears to be flattened
- nostrils are small and poorly developed
- short upper lip
- voluminous and pouting lower lip
EXAM QUESTION What 3 things influence enlarged lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx?
- enlarged adenoids obstruct oropharyngial airway, causing mouth breathing
- mouth breathing leads to changes in tongue lip and posture
- soft tissue imbalance produces variation in dentitional relationships
What are the two theories which describe how adenoid-mouth breathing influences the etiology of facial form and dentition?
- Compression theory
- disuse atrophy therory
EXAM QUESTION What does the compression theory state?
Children with englarged adenoids usually displayed V shaped dental arches
EXAM QUESTION Describe the animal experiment for compression theory. What were the two main findings?
An acrylic block was placed in the palate to permanently depress the tongue OR obstruct the nares which resulted in
- increased lower facial height
- class II malocclusion
EXAM QUESTION With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1 to 1 means
large adenoids and/or narrow nasopharyngeal space
EXAM QUESTION With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1/2 means
normal or small adenoids compared to normal or large nasopharyngeal air spacce
EXAM QUESTION With regards to the ratio of adenoid measurement to nasopharynx space (A/N), a ratio of 1/3
small adenoids to normal or large nasopharyngeal air space
EXAM QUESTION Since mouth breathing may lead to lowering of tongue position, what does this lead to?
reduction of buccally directed pressure while the pressure from cheek musculature remains unchanged and the maxillary premolars and molars will be influenced in a palatal direction, causing constriction of the palate
EXAM QUESTION What is the mechanism by which changes occur in the incisors due to nose breathing transition?
party caused by changes in obicularis oris pressure, from open mouth to closed mouth posture
True or false: Despite the frequency with which tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies are preformed, it has never been established through controlled scientific studies that the health benefits of tonsil and adenoid surgery exceed their cost in any age group.
True
EXAM QUESTION Adenoid surgery is only indicated for
- hypoventilation due to airway obstruction
- dysphagia (difficulty of swallowing)
- weight loss for six months or more due to tonsillar obstruction of digestive tract
EXAMINATION QUESTION True or false: There is seldom a health benefit for adenoidectomy
True
EXAMINATION QUESTION What are the 3 objections to adenoid surgery?
- increased airway disease (i.e., bronchial asthma)
- 8% more hodgkins disease
- aggravation of otitis media
EXAMINATION QUESTION What is an additional potential breathing obstruction (differential diagnosis)?
allergic rhinitis
EXAM QUESTION Examination of the ___ will often provide information on the etiology of mouth breating.
exterior nose
EXAMINATION QUESTION What is nasal crease or linea nasalis?
- results from “allergic salute”
- takes one to two years of consistent rubbing to produce the crease
- is a valuable tool in diagnosing the problem of allergies
EXAMINATION QUESTION What happens when an individual has a deviated septum?
- septum should equally divide the area
- when not in midline (deviated septum) it can cause a significant amount of obstruction (especially if inflamed)
EXAMINATION QUESTION The apparent function of the turbinate is to increase the amount of surface area of the nasal tissue to do what 3 things?
- facilitate warming
- humidifying
- filtering inhaled air
EXAMINATION QUESTION What are the colours of the nasal tubinates?
pink and glistening
EXAMINATION QUESTION In an individual with an allergy, the nasal turbinates will be
pale or bluish in appearance
EXAMINATION QUESTION In an individual with an infection, the nasal turbinates will be
fiery red colour
EXAMINATION QUESTION Chronic mouth breathing may be caused by nasal obstruction due to
turbinate swelling
If turbinate swelling lasts for an appreciable period of time, it is termed
turbinate hypertrophy
EXAMINATION QUESTION True or false: In certain instances, the mouth breathing persists as a left-over habit even after the removal of the nasal obstruction.
True
