Exam 2 Quiz Questions Flashcards
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
Accessory bone
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
Heterotopic bone
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at____?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
- Splenius cervicis
- Iliocostalis cervicis
- Longissimus cervicis
- Levator scapulae
- Middle scalene
- Posterior scalene
- Rotators
- Posterior intertransverse
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
- Middle scalene
- Posterior intertransverse
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from horizontal plane)
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
The common carotid artery
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
- Vertebral artery
- Vertebral venous plexus
- Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40-45 degrees from the coronal plane
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
What muscles will attach to the typical cervical superior articular facet?
- Longissimus capitis
- Longissimus cervicis
- Semispinalis capitis
- Semispinalis cervicis
- Multifidis
- Rotators
What muscles will blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
- Semispinalis capitis
- Multifidis
- Rotator longus
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
Meniscoidal folds
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
Typically C5/C6
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
Lateral bending and axial rotation
Ranges of couple motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
The C5/C6 vertebral couple
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
They are non-bifid
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
- Spinalis cervicis
- Semispinalis cervicis
- Semispinalis thoraces
- Multifidis
- Rotators
- Interspinalis
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
- Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
- Synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articualr facet of C1?
Asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
What is the classification of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
Synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joint
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
- Levator scapula
- Splenius cervicis
- Rectus capitis anterior
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
Males: about 50 mm
Females: about 47 mm
What attached to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
- Rectus capitis posterior minor muslce
- Ligamentum nuchae
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
Accessory bone
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
About age 7
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what structures will form?
An incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?
Ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle’s anomaly
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
Ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
All ethnic populations studied thus far.
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1% - 41%
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process?
- Costal element
- Posterior tubercle
- True transverse process
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
- Rectus capitis anterior
- Rectus capitis lateralis
- Middle scalene
- Levator scapula
- Splenius cervicis
- Obliquus capitis superior
- Obliquus capitis inferior
- Intertransversarii muscles
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Obliquus capitis inferior
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
Myodural bridges
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
The lateral mass and the transverse process of C1
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
The retrotransverse foramen
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
- Vertebral artery
- A branch from the suboccipital nerve
- Veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Males: 78 mm
Females: 72 mm
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
A little over 30 mm for both males and females
What names are given to C2?
Axial or epistropheus
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
- Facet for fovea dentis
- Groove for transverse atlantal ligament
- Attachment sites for the alar ligaments
- Attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
5
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove from the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment site for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
Lordotic dens
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove from the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment site for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
Kyphotic dens
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
- Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
- Synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid
- Modified synovial (diarthrosis) sellar
- Cartilagenous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
Membrana tectoria
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
- Obliquus capitis inferior
- Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
- Ligamentum flavum
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
They are asymmetrical and slightly convex
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
Longissimus cervicis
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
- Costal element
- Posterior tubercle
- True transverse process
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
Males: 57 mm
Females: 55 mm
What muscles attach to the transverse process?
- Levator scapulae
- Middle scalene
- Splenius cervicis
- Longissimus cervicis
- Intertransversarii
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Obliquus capitis inferior
- Spinalis cervicis
- Semispinalis cervicis
- Multifidis
- Rotators
- Interspinalis
What names may be given to C7?
Vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
Vertebral prominens
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
Eight
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
- Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
- Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
- Modified synovial (diarthrosis) sellar joint
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
Two
What muscle attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
Longus colli muscle
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
- Costal element
- Anterior tubercle
- Costotransverse bar
- Posterior tubercle
- True transverse process
