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Advanced A&P II > Exam 2 - Pulmonary lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Pulmonary lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does dependent mean regarding the lungs?

A

Having a greater effect from gravity; being closer to the earth

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2
Q

What force opposes the intrapleural pressure?

A

Elastic recoil or transpulmonary pressure

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3
Q

What must be the relationship between intrapleural and elastic recoil pressure to allow for inspiration and expiration?

A

Elastic recoil > Intrapleural = Expiration
Intrapleural > Elastic recoil = Inspiration

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4
Q

What is the formula to calculate alveolar pressure?

A

PA = PIP + PTP

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5
Q

What is another term for elastic recoil pressure?

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

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6
Q

What is the formula for transpulmonary pressure?

A

PTP = PA - PIP

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7
Q

How is transpulmonary pressure related to lung volumes?

A

Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure available to fill the lungs - direct relationship
When PTP is high there should be high lung volumes
When PTP is low there should be low lung volumes

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8
Q

What are the top 2 variables that passively influence PVR?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Lung volumes
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9
Q

At what lung capacity is PVR the lowest?
Why?

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
We spend most of our time in this volume, so it makes sense that resistance would be lowest during the volume we have most often

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10
Q

What happens to PVR as we gain or lose volume from FRC?

A

PVR increases in both directions

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11
Q

PVR in small alveolar vessels are most effected by ?

A

Alveolar volume

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12
Q

PVR in larger extraalveolar vessels are most effected by?

A

Intrapleural pressure
When PIP is more negative, it stretches and widens out the vessel, lowering PVR
The opposite occurs when PIP is more positive

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13
Q

What is PVR in extraalveolar vessels at low and high lung volumes?

A

Low lung volumes - PVR is high (PIP is more positive)
High lung volumes - PVR is low (PIP is more negative)

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14
Q

Explain why PVR goes up in extraalveolar vessels when volumes get closer to RV?

A

To get to RV, we have to forcefully expire which increases PIP - narrowing the vessels and increasing their resistance

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15
Q

What happens to PVR in alveolar capillaries with increased alveolar volume?

A

PVR increases because the alveolar capillaries which are imbedded in the alveolar walls become elongated and more narrowed = increased PVR

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16
Q

How does right heart CO effect PVR?

A
  • When RH CO is higher, PVR decreases
  • This is because the pulmonary vessels are highly compliant and will stretch out decreasing PVR
  • Also, an increased CO will recruit more areas of the lungs which also decreases reistance
17
Q

Are we using all of our alveoli all the time?

A

No, we may only be using 1/3 for normal breathing

18
Q

What are the passive factors that influence PVR?

19
Q

What active factors increase PVR?

A

These things cause constriction of pulmonary vessels

HEAT - mediators

20
Q

What active factors decrease PVR?

A

These things cause vasodilation of pulmonary vessels

21
Q

What is normal atmoshpheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg or torr and 1 atm

22
Q

How does elevation effect atmospheric pressure?

A

Low altitudes have higher pressures
High altitudes have lower pressures

23
Q

What concentration are N2, O2, and CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

N2 = 79%
O2 = 21%
CO2 = 0.04 %

These concentrations do not change with altitude

24
Q

How can you calculate a gases partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure = Total pressure (atmospheric) x [gas]

25
Q

What happens to the partial pressures of inspired gases when they enter the body?

A

The gas is warmed very quickly and becomes humidifed, the water vapor pressure dilutes all of the other gases

26
Q

How does inspired O2 changed from its dry value?

A

Decreases by 10 mmHg due to dilution from water vapor pressure

27
Q

What is the partial pressure of water vapor?

A

PI H2O = 47 mmHg

28
Q

How you calculate inspired gas partial pressure to account for water vapor dilution?

A

PI gas = FI gas (PB - PH2O)

29
Q

How much of our tidal volume is used for gas exchange?

A

350 cc , the rest is dead space gas

30
Q

What happens to PAO2 and
PACO2 with inspiration?
What are the partial pressures of these after gas exchange?

A

PAO2 increases
PACO2 decreases

31
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary arterial blood?
What else does this represent?

A

PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 45 mmHg
Represent systemic venous blood

32
Q

What are the PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary veins?

A

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg
Same as alveolar concentrations

Advanced A&P II (12 decks)

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