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Devlopmental Bio > Exam 2 prs > Flashcards

Exam 2 prs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Drosophila embryos undergo cleavage in a rather unique way. Which of the following terms can be used to describe Drosophila cleavage?

A. Superficial
B. Holoblastic
C. Rotational
D. Meroblastic
A & D
A, B, & D
A

A and D

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2
Q

What does the Zelda protein regulate during Drosophila mid-blastula transition?

Gene activation
Cell division
Cellularization
Chromatin

A

gene activation

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3
Q

The location of which cellular component of the oocyte determines first the anterior-posterior, then the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo?

Centrosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria

A

nucleus

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4
Q

After Dorsal protein is localized to the nucleus, how does it function to specify cell fates? As a ___

Morphogen
Signaling molecule
Transcription factor
A & B
A & C
A

morphogen and transcription factor

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5
Q

The Dorsal protein is expressed uniformly along the dorsal-ventral axis. How does it act as a morphogen? Control of ___

Nuclear localization
Extracellular matrix composition
Receptor availability
Ligand degradation

A

nuclear localiztion

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6
Q

During early cleavage, the Drosophila embryo is called the ___

Syncytial blastoderm
Blastula
Cellular blastoderm
Gastrula

A

syntical blastoderm

Syncytial blastoderm refers to the fact that many nuclei share a common cytoplasm.

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7
Q

After cell cycle 13, the Drosophila embryo is called the ___

Syncytial blastoderm
Blastula
Cellular blastoderm
Gastrula

A

C. After cellularization, the embryo is referred to as a Cellular blastoderm to reflect the change from a syncytium to individual cells.

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8
Q

Based on the information about Zelda, it is most likely a(n) ___________________.

Phosphatase
Ubiquitinase
Transcription factor
Ligand
Kinase
A

transcription factor

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9
Q

Which protein degrades maternal RNAs during Drosophila MZT?

Hodor
Zelda
Smaug
Harry Potter

A

Smaug

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10
Q

Which protein activates zygotic genes during Drosophila MZT?

Hodor
Zelda
Smaug
Harry Potter

A

Zelda

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11
Q

Oskar and bicoid mRNAs are localized within the developing oocyte as a result of which cellular component?

Motor proteins
Mitochondria
Microtubules
A & B
A & C
A

motor proteins and microtubules

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12
Q

Which transcription factor is responsible for specifying the anterior region of the Drosophila embryo?

Caudal
Bicoid
Zelda
Smaug

A

bicoid

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13
Q

Caudal mRNA is equally distributed across the embryos anterior-posterior axis, yet Caudal protein concentration is high in the posterior and low in the anterior. This occurs because Bicoid protein__________.

  • Is an enzyme that adds a methyl group to Caudal protein
  • Acts to repress translation of Caudal protein
  • Binds Dynein and thus keeps Caudal protein from binding Dynein
  • Binds Kinesin and thus keeps Caudal mRNA from binding Kinesin
A

bicoid represses Caudal translation in the anterior

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14
Q

What is the basis of control of expression of the even-skipped gene?

Protein modification
Transcriptional regulation
mRNA localization
mRNA degradation

A

transcription regulation

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15
Q

Drosophila segmentation patterns are initiated during the syncytial blastoderm stage. Which type of factor maintains the segments after cellularization?

Transcription factors
Cytoskeletal factors
Ribosomal factors
Paracrine factors

A

paracrine factors

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16
Q

Mutations in a homeotic selector gene cause which type of phenotype?

Loss of multiple segments

Loss of every other segment

Loss of half of each segment

Altered segmental identities

A

altered segmental identities

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17
Q

How is the Hunchback (gap gene) protein gradient formed?

Translational control
Transcriptional control
mRNA localization
mRNA degradation

A

translational control

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18
Q

The expression of the even-skipped gene in stripes during embryogenesis is an example of which of the following?

Combinatorial control
Modularity
Activation
Repression
A & B
All of the above
None of the above
A

all of the above

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19
Q

The primary role of the Hox genes during normal Drosophila development is to -_________.

Form segments

Determine the identity of segments

Promote cell division

Maintain functional homeostasis

Establish the anteroposterior axis.

A

determine the identity of segments

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20
Q

The homeodomain encoded by all Hox genes has what function?

Enzymatic
DNA-binding
Cell signaling
Splicing
Cell-cell adhesion
A

DNA binding

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21
Q

: Maternal effect genes control _______ of gap genes.

Transcription
Translation
Paracrine signaling

A

translation

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22
Q

: Gap genes control ___________of pair-rule genes

Transcription
Translation
Paracrine signaling

A

transcription

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23
Q

Pair rule genes control segemnt polarity genes by setting up a _______
feedback loop

Transcription
Translation
Paracrine signaling

A

paracrine signaling

24
Q

: Gap and Pair-rule genes together control _____________ of homeotic genes

Transcription
Translation
Paracrine signaling

A

transcription

25
Q

During amphibian gastrulation, the mesoderm and endoderm is brought to the interior of the embryo by which of the following movements?

Ingression
Involution
Invagination
Delamination

A

involution

26
Q

Put the following Xenopus gastrulation events in order:

  1. Epiboly of epidermis.
  2. Involution of head mesoderm and chordamesoderm
  3. Apical constriction and invagination of dorsal bottle cells
  4. Formation of ventral bottle cells and blastopore ring
A

3,2,4,1

27
Q

Which of the following is not a mechanism of amphibian involution?

Radial intercalation

Convergence and extension

Delamination

Vegetal rotation

A

delamination

28
Q

Which of the following is not a involved in amphibian epiboly?

Cell division
Intercalation
Apical constriction
Fibronectin

A

apical constriction

29
Q

The vegetal cells of an amphibian embryo become ____(this) germ layer, and they induce formation of _____(this) germ layer.

A

The vegetal cells become endoderm and induce the overlying cells to become mesoderm.

30
Q

How are VegT and Vg1 localized to the vegetal cytoplasm?

Transplantation
Maternal deposit
Cortical rotation
Kinesin transport

A

maternal deposit

31
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of the ‘organizer’ of the amphibian embryo. >1 correct

Specifies dorsal side
Initiates gastrulation
Specifies ventral side
Initiates cleavage

A

specifies the dorsal side

indirectly species the ventral side

32
Q

Which of the following describes how endodermally expressed VegT induces the overlying mesoderm? As a ___

Transcription factor
Signaling molecule
Paracrine factor
Splicing factor

A

transcription factor

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of the organizer?

Establishes main body axes
Induces endoderm
Conditionally specified
Autonomously specified

A

induces endoderm and autonomously specified

34
Q

Which of the following proteins is localized in the ‘Nieukoop center’ and plays a role in inducing the organizer?

b-catenin
Notch intracellular domain
Gli/Ci
STAT

A

b-catenin

35
Q

The following genes are expressed in the Nieuwkoop center. Which of these play a role in induction of the organizer? (more than one correct answer, submit all that are correct)

Beta-catenin
Xnr
Nodal
Sox17
Vg1
Fibronectin
Protocadherin
A

B-catenin
Xnr
Nodal
Vg1

36
Q

The following genes are expressed in the Nieuwkoop center. Which of these are expressed in a gradient or non-uniform manner in endoderm? (more than one correct answer)

Beta-catenin
Xnr
Nodal
Sox17
Vg1
Fibronectin
Protocadherin
A

B-catenin and Xnr

37
Q

How is epidermal tissue induced in amphibian embryos?

Wnt signaling
Chordin induction
BMP signaling
BMP antagonists

A

BMP signaling (the antagonists block this induction)

38
Q

Wnt and BMP gradients are modulated by which factors? (multiple correct)

Diffusable antagonists
Intracellular antagonists
Translational control
Transcriptional control

A

A,B,D

39
Q

Zebrafish (and chick) embryos undergo which type of cleavage? >1 correct

Meroblastic
Holoblastic
Syncytial
Discoidal

A

meroblastic and discoidal

40
Q

Which of the following best describes the embryonic shield of a Zebrafish embryo?

‘shields’ embryos from UV light

Specifies the dorsal side of the embryo.

Site of sperm entry

Signals via Notch-Delta

A

specifies the dorsal side of the embryo

41
Q

Which of the following structures is the Zebrafish equivalent of the amphibian Neiuwkoop center?

Yolk syncytial layer
Koller’s sickle
The shield
Hypoblast

A

yolk syncytial layer

42
Q

Which of the following cellular structures are involved in left-right patterning of Zebrafish embryos.

Endosomes
Nodal Cilia
centrosomes
Extracellular matrix

A

nodal cilia

43
Q

Which of the following is the most likely reason that there is no blastula-stage fate map of a Zebrafish embryo?

Until sperm entry during gastrulation, there are no defined embryonic axes.

The large yolk disposition keeps any cellular markers from being visible

There is much cell mixing during cleavage. And the blastomeres can give rise to an unpredictable variety of tissues.

Zebrafish embryos cannot survive injection with outside substances until later stages

A

There is much cell mixing during cleavage. And the blastomeres can give rise to an unpredictable variety of tissues.

44
Q

There is much cell mixing during cleavage. And the blastomeres can give rise to an unpredictable variety of tissues. What is the likely state of differentiation of these early blastomeres?

Pre-specification
Specification
Determination
Differentiation

A

pre-specification and specification

45
Q

The Zebrafish shield and dorsal Yolk syncytial layer are homologous to which of these Xenopus structures?

Vegetal & animal Poles

Blastula and Gastrula

Head mesoderm and dorsal ectoderm

Organizer/dorsal blastopore lip and Neiuwkoop center

A

Organizer/dorsal blastopore lip and Neiuwkoop center

46
Q

Which protein IS NOT expressed by the Nieuwkoop center of Zebrafish?

Squint (nodal-related)
Beta-catenin
Chordin
Pitx2

A

chordin and Pitx2

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of the organizer?

Establishes main body axes

Induces endoderm

Conditionally specified

Autonomously specified

A

induces endoderm

48
Q

The Chick hypoblast give rise to which of the following tissues?

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectosderm
Yolk sac

A

yolk sac

49
Q

During chick gastrulation, the endoderm and mesoderm enter the embryo by which of the following processes?

Invagination
Ingression
Delamination
Involution

A

B. Ingression, (EMT then migration)

50
Q

The Henson’s node in the chick embryo is the chick equivalent of which of the following structures?

Spemann’s organizer
Neiukoop center
Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE)

A

A. Spemann’s organizer (the Neiukoop center of chick is near the secondary hypoblast where Koller’s sickle forms)

51
Q

The ______ is the mammalian organizer, and it secretes ________ inhibitors such as Chordin and Noggin.

Spemann’s organizer, BMP

Neiukoop center, FGF

Node, BMP

A

Node, BMP

52
Q

True/False: Unequal Nodal and Pitx2 expression in amphibians, mammals, birds, and fish results in specification of the left-right axis

A

true

53
Q

What does the trophoblast of a mammalian blastocyst become?

Embryo
Chorion
Amnion
Ectoderm

A

chorion

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of mammalian cleavage?

Asynchronous

Rotational

Meroblastic

Takes 12-24 hrs/division

Zygotic transcription occurs relatively early

A

meroblastic

55
Q

Chick and mouse embryos contain different amounts of cervical vertebrae. Which of the following is thought to cause this difference?

Hox expression
Retinoic Acid
Wnt signaling
BMP signaling

A

hox expression

Devlopmental Bio (2 decks)

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