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Devlopmental Bio > exam 1 prs > Flashcards

exam 1 prs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
The embryonic stage of cleavage is characterized by:
Rapid mitotic divisions
Embryonic growth
Sperm and egg fusion
Cellular rearrangements
A

A.

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2
Q 
What embryonic stage results in the three germ layers?
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
A

C

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3
Q 
The Ectoderm, or outer layer, of the embryo gives rise to:
Blood
Bone
Kidneys
Brain
A

D

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4
Q 
Epithelial cells are \_\_ while mesenchymal cells are \_\_.
Mesoderm, endoderm
Dividing, growing
Tightly connected, unconnected
Unconnected, tightly connected
A

C

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5
Q

six basic events of embryogenesis

A

Fertilization- egg and sperm meet to form zygote
Cleavage- fast divisions, no growth
Gastrulation- folding of tissue, formation of germ layers
Organogenesis- creation of organs from germ layers
Metamorphosis-period of growth and development after hatching
Gametogenesis- formation and maturation of germ cells

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6
Q

On your own: In general, histone methylation ______ gene expression and DNA methylation _______ gene expression.

A

activates or represses

represses

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7
Q 
What protein binds to the promoter but not to the enhancer?
RNA Polymerase II
DNA Polymerase I
Pax6
Crystallin
A

RNA Polymerase II

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8
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ methylation can be inherited through genomic imprinting.
DNA
Histone
Pax2
Crystallin
A

DNA

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9
Q

A single base-pair change in an enhancer of the lactase gene is likely responsible for lactose tolerance. Which of the following does this mutation likely affect? Binding of_______.

  • RNA Polymerase II
  • Mediator
  • Tissue-specific Transcription factor
  • TFIID
  • TATA Binding Protein
A

c

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10
Q 
The molecules involved in (alternative) splicing do NOT include
U1 sRNA
U2AF
SF2
Maskin
A

d

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11
Q 
RNAs for which of the following molecules is NOT likely to be stored in an unfertilized amphibian oocyte?
Tubulin
Cyclin
Myostatin
Actin
Histone H2A
A

c

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12
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by miRNAs to control mRNA translation?
Blocking initiation factors
Cleaving mRNA
Unwinding miRNA
Recruiting endonuclease
A

c

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cytoplasmic mRNA localization?

  • Active transport along cytoskeleton
  • Localized protection
  • Initiation block
  • Diffusion and local anchoring
A

c

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14
Q

The protein Dicer performs which of the following functions during miRNA processing?

  • Exporting miRNA from cytoplasm
  • Unwinding the hairpin loop
  • Assembling the RISC
  • Generating single-stranded miRNAs from the pre-miRNA hairpin loop
A

b,c,d

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15
Q

An in situ hybridization (ISH) uses a labelled _____ molecule as a probe to locate _______ expression in an embryo.

A

RNA, RNA

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16
Q

Holtfreter dissociated then mixed different tissue types together and observed different aggregation patterns. Which of the following is NOT a conclusion based on his findings?

  • Re-aggregated cells became spatially segregated
  • The final positions reflect embryonic positions
  • Different tissues bind with different affinities
  • Affinities remain the same over the course of development
A

d

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17
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe a property associated with cadherin molecules?

  • They are a transmembrane molecule
  • Sodium ions play a role in cadherin-cadherin binding
  • Adhesion strength is related to the quantity of cadherin molecules
  • Not all cadherin sub-types can bind each other
A

B

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18
Q

Which of the following describes permissive induction?

  • Alters gene expression in the responding cell.
  • Without the inducing cell, the responding cell is not capable of differentiating (in that particular way)
  • The tissue is already specified
  • The tissue is not already specified
A

a and c

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19
Q

When foot dermal mesenchyme of a chicken is transplanted to wing epidermal epithelium, it causes the overlying epithelium to generate scales. Is this an example of permissive or instructive induction?

A

instructive

20
Q

During kidney development, the ureteric bud induces nephrogenic mesenchyme to become mesonephric tubules. Mesenchyme needs a signal to grow, but can’t become anything except kidney tissue. Is this instructive or permissive induction?

A

permissive

21
Q

Mouse mammary gland tissue begins to express proteins specific to mammary gland tissue upon contact with basal lamina in culture. Is this an example of permissive or instructive induction?

A

permissive

22
Q

When non-optic vesicle tissue is transplanted below the head ectoderm, or when the optic vesicle is removed, no lens forms. Is this an example of permissive or instructive induction?

A

instructive

23
Q

What would the basic RTK pathway look like when FGFR3 is constitutively active?

  • High levels of phosphorylated Ras, Transcriptionally active
  • High levels of phosphorylated Ras, Not transcriptionally active.
  • Low levels of phosphorylated Ras, Transcriptionally active
  • Low levels of phosphorylated Ras, Not transcriptionally active
A

a

24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix?

Laminin
Fibronectin
proteoglycans
Phospho-ERK

A

d

25
Q

Which of the following proteins spans the membrane and connects the ECM to the cytoskeleton?

Talin
Integrin
Alpha-actin
Fibronectin

A

B

26
Q

If a cell remains capable of developing autonomously even when cultured in another region of an embryo, that cell is at what level of commitment?

Specification
Determination
Differentiation
Automation

A

b

27
Q

Which of the following is true of the process of conditional specification? Cells achieve fates from ____

  • Interactions with other cells
  • Inherited transcription factors
  • Invariant cleavages
  • Nuclei in a syncytium
A

A

28
Q

What is the strongest type of experimental evidence?

Correlative
Loss-of-function
Negative inference
Gain-of-function

A

D

29
Q

You know that Wnt is required for Drosophila wing development, but aren’t sure which pathway is required. Removal of which of these genes will NOT help you differentiate?

A

dishelved

30
Q

If Smad1,5 is unable to be phosphorylated, a cell receiving BMP ligand will/will not transmit the signal to the nucleus

A

will not

31
Q

In Notch signaling, if the CSL protein is lacking from a cell, will transcription be always on or always off?

A

it depends on the other transcription factors

32
Q

In the figure below, the Oncogenic RTK is an example of a ______ mutation, which has a _______ effect on the RTK pathway.

A

constitutively active, activating

33
Q

Which of the following is a potential way that integrin signaling can alter cell death?

  • Cause increased transcription of cell death genes
  • Directly activate a cell death protein
  • Indirectly activate a cell protein
A

all

34
Q

Which of the following proteins DOES NOT play a role in species-specific sperm-egg recognition in sea urchins

Bindin
ZP1
ERB1

A

b

35
Q

The acrosome and cortical granule reaction are both required prior to which of the following? >1 correct.

  • Sperm chemotaxis
  • Egg activation
  • Sperm-egg binding
  • Generation of the Zona Pellucida
A

b and c

36
Q

This image shows the technique used to generate ES cells for use in mouse knockout experiments. Why isn’t some gene other than neomycin resistance replaceable here?

  • Only neomycin-resistance genes can undergo homologous recombination
  • Neomycin is used for cell selection.
  • Genes other than neomycin-resistance genes would be lethal to the mouse.
A

b

37
Q

In an immunoblot such as the one shown, which molecule is Lane 3 showing? MDA-BSA _______.

DNA
protein
RNA
polysaccharide

A

protein

38
Q

Which of the following is NOT a functional consequence of the acrosome reaction?

  • Sperm membrane interacts with egg membrane
  • Sperm digests the jelly layer of the egg
  • Sperm is able to move to the egg by chemotaxis
  • Sperm initiates the cortical granule reaction in the egg.
  • Sperm-egg species specificity
A

c

39
Q

Shown here is more data RE sperm-egg species specific binding. This suggests that the Bindin is expressed on the _________, while ERB1 is expressed on the _____.

Sperm, sperm
Sperm, egg
Egg, sperm
Egg, egg

A

sperm, egg

40
Q

All of these are consequences of the cortical granule reaction, but which one is the most immediate?

Fusion of genetic material
Egg activation
Block to polyspermy
Formation of a zygote

A

block to polyspermy

41
Q

A Southern Blot (DNA hybridization) assay would me most useful for which of the following? >1 correct

  • Determining whether a cell transcribed a particular gene
  • Determining whether a cell translated a particular RNA
  • Determining whether a cell had one or two copies of a transgene
  • Determining whether a cell contained a particular polysaccharide
  • Determining whether a cell contained the new null allele you created via knockout technology
A

c and e

42
Q

An immunoblot would be most useful for determining which of the following? Determining whether a cell/tissue _____. >1 correct.

  • transcribed a particular gene
  • translated a particular RNA
  • had one or more post-translational modifications to a particular protein
  • contained a particular polysaccharide
  • contained the new null allele you created via knockout technology
A

b and c

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a change associated with the mid-blastula transition?

  • Addition of gap phases to the cell cycle
  • Synchronicity of cell division is lost
  • New mRNAs are transcribed
  • Cell divisions cease
A

d

44
Q

The cell movement, invagination, is characterized by which of the following?

  • Infolding of a sheet of cells (indentation of a ball)
  • Individual cells enter the embryos interior and become mesenchyme
  • Individual cells enter the embryos interior and become epithelium
  • Epithelial sheets enclose deeper layers of the embryo
A

a

45
Q

The signal transmitted from the P2 cell to the ABp cell is an example of which type of specification?

Autonomous
Conditional
Syncytial
permissive

A

conditional

Devlopmental Bio (2 decks)

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