Exam 2 Prep Flashcards
skeletal anatomy, articulations and the integument
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Support and movement
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Protection of vital organs
What molecule accounts for the majority of bone weight
Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2
What makes up the bone (osseus) tissue
Collagen fibers
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
What is an osteocyte
Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix
What is an osteoblast
Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix
Osteoprogenitor cells
These are stem cells whose divisions produce osteoblasts
Osteoclast
This is a multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
What is an osteoid
This is new bone material that is not hard yet, they are flexible
What is Osteogenesis
This is the production of new bones
Function of osteocytes
Direct how much calcium and phosphorus is laid in bone.
It also directs release and deposition of calcium
Functions of osteoblasts
It is responsible for when laying down new bone
What is osteolysis
(Destruction of bone)
Dissolving of bone through the release of enzymes
Functions of osteolysis
It releases more calcium
It also acts to shape bone
What are osteons
Functional unit, made up of lamellae surrounding Haversian canal
What is the periosteum
This is the connective tissue on outside of compact bone
Sharpey’s fibers function
They are bundles of collagen fibers that connects periosteum to the outside of bone
What are bone lamellar
These are concentric layers of matrix around the central canal
What are spongy bones made of
Trabeculae
What is trabeculae
These are very thin strips of matrix in spongy bone
Classification of bones
Long bone
Irregular bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Where can you find long bone
Femur or thigh bone
Where can you find irregular bones
The sphenoid bone of the skull
Where can you find short bones
Carpal or wrist bone
Where can you find flat bones
Parietal bone from roof of skull
Epiphysis
The top or bottom part of bone that is mostly cartilagenous
What type of cartilage is found in the epiphysis
Hyaline cartilage
What is the epiphyseal line
Remains of the epiphyseal plate that is normally found separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
This is where new bones form within a bone.
Pathways of bone development
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Intramembraneous ossification (found where, from where)
Also called membrane or dermal bone
Found in skull, lower mandible, clavicles
Comes from: mesenchyme
Endochondral ossification
Also called cartilage bone
Found in: all other bones that are not intramembranous
Comes from hyaline carilage
what is an articulation
also known as joint
the location where two or more bones meet, provide mechanical support and aid movement
closer joint fit means
greater strength, lower mobility
looser joint fit means
greater mobility, lower strength
what is anthrology
this is the anatomical study of joints
what is kinesiology
this is the study of movement
functional categories of joints (based on permitted range of movement)
synarthroses
diarthroses
amphiarthroses
synarthroses are also known as
immovable joints
bony edges so close to each other, they might even interlock.
amphiarthroses are also known as
slightly movable joints
and much stronger than freely movable joints
diarthroses are also known as
freely movable synovial joints
types of synarthroses
suture
gomphosis
synchondroses
importance of fluoride in toothpaste
used to combat bacteria that could get into gomphosis
what is a suture
fibrous synthetic synarthrotic joint found only between bones of the skull
what is a gomphosis
fibrous synarthrosis that binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socketf
fibrous connection in sutures named
sutural ligament/sutural membrane
importance of a synarthroses
designed to allow forces to spread easily from bone to bone with minimal joint movement, decreasing chances of injury
fibrous connection in gomphosis named
periodontal ligament
what is a synchondrosis
a cartilaginous synarthrosis that binds together the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone
(epiphyseal cartilage)
what is a synostis
joint in which two separate bones fuse together and their boundaries disappear
where can you find synchondrosis in the body
os coxae: ilium joined to pubis to ischium
rib: costal cartilage of first rib)
epiphyseal plates
types of amphiarthroses
symphysis
syndesmosis
bones in fibrous amphiarthroses connected by
collagen fibers
bones in cartilaginous amphiarthroses connected by
fibrous cartilage
characteristics of syndesmosomes
a ligament connects and limits movement of articulating bones
characteristics of symphysis
bones separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage
where will you find syndesmosis
- between tibia and fibula distal articulation
- between ulna and radius interosseus membrane
where would you find symphysis
- between adjacent vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) = fibrocartilaginous disc
- between two pubic bones = pubis symphysis
characteristics of diarthroses
- complex joint
- permit a wide range of movements
- produce a lot of fluid
what is the joint cavity?
function?
this is the space between articulating bones
- also where synovial fluid collect.
- cushioning and lubrication
- has a lot of pain sensors
articular cartilage function
present in articulating surfaces
absorbs excess synovial fluid
what is the function of synovial fluid
- provides lubrication and reduces friction.
- nourishes chondrocytes through its circulation through joint movement
- acts as a shock absorber
characteristics of synovial fluid
Comes from?
Chemical properties?
- same chemical properties as plasma
- comes from blood
- normally less than 3ml present in a joint
characteristics of diarthroses
- joint capsule
- articular cartilages
- joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
- synovial membrane lining joint capsule
- accessory structures and sensory nerves and blood vessels.
location of diarthroses
end of long bones
movements of diarthrosis joints
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial
what are uniaxial joints?
found where?
type of movement?
they move in only one plane
found in elbow and ankle
performs extension and flexion
what are biaxial joints?
found where?
type of movement?
- move in two planes
- found in ribs, wrist.
performs flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
what are multiaxial joints?
found where?
type of movement?
- move in three planes
- found in shoulder and hip bones
performs flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation and medial rotation
what are bursae
they are small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue
found mostly around synovial joints
inflammation is bursitis
synovial tendon sheats
type of tubular bursae that surrounds tendons where they pass across bony structures
tendons
attach muscle to bone
ligaments
attach bone to bone
what is abduction
movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane
what is adduction
movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane.
flexion
movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces angle between articulating elements
extension
movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating elements
medial rotation or internal rotation
rotating inward towards the ventral surface
external rotation or lateral rotation
rotating outwards away from ventral surface
pronation
turns the palm from facing front to facing back
supination
turns the palm from facing back to facing forward
gliding or plane joints
found where?
important!!
intervertebral representative articulation.
- uniaxial
- linear motion
- vertebrocostal joints, intercarpal, sternoclavicular
hinge joint
- uniaxial
- angular motion
- elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal
saddle joint
- biaxial
- angular motion
- first carpometacarpal joint
pivotal joint
- uniaxial
- rotational
- located by dens
- proximal radioulnar joint
ball and socket joint
- multi axial
- angular, circumduction, rotation
- located in shoulder and hip joints
ellipsoid joint
- biaxial
- angular movement
- radiocarpal joint, base of skull
problems with intervertebral discs (gliding joint)
slipped discs
herniated discs
ball and socket found where
- coxal (hip) joint
- glenohumeral joint
where can you find rotator cuff?
what muscles are there
- found in glenohumeral joint
- muscles here: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
hinge joint found where
characteristic
- knee joint
- largest and most complex joint
- act as a hinge with limited lateral and medial rotation during leg extension.
FCL/ fibular collateral ligament
ligament holding two knees together
could be from fibular to femur/tibia to femur (TCL)
what is the integument
can also be considered the skin and possibly the largest organ of the body
functions of the skin
- protection
- controls permeability and prevents water loss
regulate body temp (blood flow) - waste excretion (urea in sweat)
- synthesis of vitamin D (cholecalciferol - calcitriol), which is important to allow us absorb calcium and phosphate in intestine
- reception to external stimuli: heat, cold, pressure, texture, vibration
tissues of the integument
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
tissue in hypodermis
superficial fascia
cell types in epidermis
keratinocytes - most abundant, thick layer of skin
melanocytes - pigment, production
Merkel cells - detecting sensation
Langerhans cells - dendritic cells, phagocytic cells
mitotic layer of epidermis
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
also collectively known as stratum germinativum
where is the epidermis the thickest
- palms of the hands
- soles of the feet
where is the dermis the thickest
on the back
what is contained in the dermis
vessels, nerves, skin glands, hair follicles
layers of the dermis
papillary layer
reticular layer
what are the fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis
collagen
what are the langer’s lines of the dermis
clinical significance?
- found in reticular layer
- skin fibers arranged in parallel bundles
- clinically (called cleavage line) helps direct incision for faster healing and less scar tissue
characteristic of papillary layer of dermis
- consist mostly of areolar CT
- dermal papilla cause fingerprints
